全部 标题 作者
关键词 摘要

OALib Journal期刊
ISSN: 2333-9721
费用:99美元

查看量下载量

相关文章

更多...

Renewable Energy: Prospects and Challenges in Bangladesh

DOI: 10.4236/epe.2024.162003, PP. 43-78

Keywords: Renewable Energy, Solar and Photovoltaics, Hydropower, Wind Energy, Geothermal

Full-Text   Cite this paper   Add to My Lib

Abstract:

Among expert scientists and politicians, there is increasing agreement that it is absolutely necessary to reduce the emission of greenhouse gas (GHG) to lessen the severity of climate change. Although little, renewable energy sources currently reduce GHG that are being emitted from the energy industries. According to the majority of long-term energy estimates, renewable energy will be a substantial addition to the supply of energy worldwide by the end of this century, as capacity of renewable energy is gradually increasing in the early decades. However, developing nations like Bangladesh are largely reliant on pricey imported energy supplies (coal, gas, and oil) that lay a heavy weight on the country’s economy. Also, air pollution growing in importance as a national and international environmental issue. Regarding the development of clean and sustainable energy, renewable energy sources seem to be among the most practical and efficient alternatives, in both Bangladesh and globally. The geographic advantages of Bangladesh allow for widespread usage of the majority of such renewable energy sources. The comparative potential and use of fossil fuels against renewable energy sources globally and in Bangladesh is explored in this review.

References

[1]  METgroup (2021) When Will Fossil Fuels Run out?
https://group.met.com/en/mind-the-fyouture/mindthefyouture/when-will-fossil-fuels-run-out#:~:text=Oil%20can%20last%20up%20to,coal%20up%20to%20114%20years
[2]  IEA (2021) World Energy Outlook 2021.
https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2021
[3]  Houghton, J. (1997) Global Warming: The Complete Briefing. 2nd Edition, Cambridge University Press, New York.
[4]  Hordeski, M.F. (2002) New Technologies for Energy Efficiency. River Publishers, Denmark.
[5]  Williams, L.D. (2005) Environmental Science Demystified. McGraw-Hill, New York.
[6]  Hasegawa, A., Ohira, T., Maeda, M., Yasumura, S. and Tanigawa, K. (2016) Emergency Responses and Health Consequences after the Fukushima Accident; Evacuation and Relocation. Clinical Oncology, 28, 237-244.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clon.2016.01.002
[7]  Field, C.B. and Raupach, M.R. (2004) The Global Carbon Cycle: Integrating Humans, Climate, and the Natural World. Vol. 62, Island Press, Washington DC.
[8]  IEA (2002) Beyond Kyoto: Energy Dynamics and Climate Stabilization. IEA, Paris.
[9]  Wolfson, R. and Schneider, S.H. (2002) Understanding Climate Science. In: Climate Change Policy: A Survey, Island Press, Washington DC, 3-52.
[10]  Berger, J.J. (2002) Renewable Energy Sources as a Response to Global Climate Concerns. Climate Change Policy: A Survey, 411-446.
[11]  Boyle, G. (1998) Renewable Energy: Power for a Sustainable Future. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 20-60.
[12]  United Nations Development Program (UNDP) (2000) World Energy Assessment.
[13]  IEA (2004) World Energy Outlook 2004. IEA, Paris.
[14]  Solangi, K.H., Islam, M.R., Saidur, R., Rahim, N.A. and Fayaz, H. (2011) A Review on Global Solar Energy Policy. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15, 2149-2163.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.01.007
[15]  British Petroleum (BP) (2004) BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2004. BP, London.
[16]  Chemicals and Resources (2022) Oil Consumption Worldwide from 1998 to 2021.
https://www.statista.com/statistics/265239/global-oil-consumption-in-barrels-per-day/#:~:text=Oil%20consumption%20worldwide%20reached%20approximately%2094.1%20million%20barrels%20per%20day%20in%202021
[17]  Chemicals and Resources (2022) Global Natural Gas Consumption 1998-2021.
https://www.google.com/search?q=annual+consumption+of+natural+gas+in+2021&rlz=1C1MSIM_enBD875BD875&oq=annual+consumption+of+natural+gas+in+2021&aqs=chrome..69i57j33i160j33i22i29i30l2.10746j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8#imgrc=AT4QFSD4IRcRxM
[18]  IEA (2022) Coal Market Update—July 2022.
https://www.iea.org/reports/coal-market-update-july-2022
[19]  Wikipedia (2022) Fukushima Nuclear Disaster.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukushima_nuclear_disaster
[20]  Nuclear Power in the World Today (2022).
https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/current-and-future-generation/nuclear-power-in-the-world-today.aspx
[21]  Energy and Environment (2022) Energy Consumption Worldwide from 2000 to 2019, with a Forecast until 2050, by Energy Source.
https://www.statista.com/statistics/222066/projected-global-energy-consumption-by-source/
[22]  World Future Energy Summit (2021).
https://sdgresources.relx.com/events/world-future-energy-summit
[23]  World Summit on Sustainable Development, Johannesburg, South Africa (2002).
https://www.un.org/en/conferences/environment/johannesburg2002
[24]  Omar, E., Haitham, A.R. and Frede, B. (2014) Renewable Energy Resources: Current Status, Future Prospects and Their Enabling Technology. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 39, 748-764.
[25]  Alazraque-Cherni, J. (2008) Renewable Energy for Rural Sustainability in Developing Countries. Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society, 28, 105-114.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0270467607313956
[26]  World Energy Assessment (2001) Renewable Energy Technologies. 221.
[27]  Armaroli, N. and Balzani, V. (2011) Towards an Electricity-Powered World. Energy & Environmental Science, 4, 3193-3222.
https://doi.org/10.1039/C1EE01249E
[28]  Armaroli, N. and Balzani, V. (2016) Solar Electricity and Solar Fuels: Status and Perspectives in the Context of the Energy Transition. Chemistry—A European Journal, 22, 32-57.
https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201503580
[29]  REN21 (2021) Renewables Global Status Report 2021.
https://www.ren21.net/gsr-2021
[30]  REN21 (2022) Renewables 2022—Global Status Report (Renewable Energies), 2022.
https://www.ren21.net/gsr-2022
[31]  IEA (2022b) Renewables—Global Energy Review 2021—Analysis.
https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-review-2021/renewables
[32]  Friedlingstein, P., Jones, M.W., O’sullivan, M., Andrew, R.M., Bakker, D.C., Hauck, J., Zeng, J., et al. (2019) Global Carbon Budget 2019. Earth System Science Data, 11, 1783-1838.
[33]  Motyka, M., Slaughter, A. and Amon, C. (2019) Global Renewable Energy Trends 2018.
https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/industry/power-and-utilities/global-renewable-energy-trends.html
[34]  IRENA (2018) Renewable Electricity Capacity and Generation Statistics, June 2018.
https://irena.org/publications/2018/mar/renewable-capacity-statistics-2018
[35]  IEA (2020) Electricity. International Energy Agency, Data Browser Section, Electricity Generation by Source Indicator.
https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/energy-statistics-data-browser?country=WORLD&fuel=Energy%20supply&indicator=TESbySource
[36]  Ritchie, H., Roser, M. and Rosado, P. (2020) Energy—Our World in Data.
https://ourworldindata.org/energy
[37]  REN21 (2017) Renewables Global Futures Report 2017.
https://www.ren21.net/2017-renewables-global-futures-report/
[38]  Bogdanov, D., Gulagi, A., Fasihi, M. and Breyer, C. (2021) Full Energy Sector Transition towards 100% Renewable Energy Supply: Integrating Power, Heat, Transport and Industry Sectors Including Desalination. Applied Energy, 283, Article ID: 116273.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.116273
[39]  Teske, S. (2019) Achieving the Paris Climate Agreement Goals: Global and Regional 100% Renewable Energy Scenarios with Non-Energy GHG Pathways for +1.5 °C and +2 °C. Springer Nature, Berlin, 491.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05843-2
[40]  Jacobson, M.Z., von Krauland, A.K., Coughlin, S.J., Dukas, E., Nelson, A.J., Palmer, F.C. and Rasmussen, K.R. (2022) Low-Cost Solutions to Global Warming, Air Pollution, and Energy Insecurity for 145 Countries. Energy & Environmental Science, 15, 3343-3359.
https://doi.org/10.1039/D2EE00722C
[41]  International Energy Agency (IEA) (2012) Energy Technology Perspectives 2012.
[42]  Timperley, J. (2021) Why Fossil Fuel Subsidies Are So Hard to Kill. Nature, 598, 403-405.
https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-02847-2
[43]  UNEP (2007) Global Trends in Sustainable Energy Investment 2007: Analysis of Trends and Issues in the Financing of Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency in OECD and Developing Countries. United Nations Environment Program.
https://wedocs.unep.org/20.500.11822/7958
[44]  Sütterlin, B. and Siegrist, M. (2017) Public Acceptance of Renewable Energy Technologies from an Abstract versus Concrete Perspective and the Positive Imagery of Solar Power. Energy Policy, 106, 356-366.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.03.061
[45]  IEA (2021) IEA Data Tables—Data & Statistics.
https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tables
[46]  Jacobson, M.Z., Delucchi, M.A., Bazouin, G., Bauer, Z.A., Heavey, C.C., Fisher, E., Yeskoo, T.W., et al. (2015) 100% Clean and Renewable Wind, Water, and Sunlight (WWS) All-Sector Energy Roadmaps for the 50 United States. Energy & Environmental Science, 8, 2093-2117.
https://doi.org/10.1039/C5EE01283J
[47]  Scovronick, N., Budolfson, M., Dennig, F., Errickson, F., Fleurbaey, M., Peng, W., Wagner, F., et al. (2019) The Impact of Human Health Co-Benefits on Evaluations of Global Climate Policy. Nature Communications, 10, Article No. 2095.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-09499-x
[48]  Gallagher, C.L. and Holloway, T. (2020) Integrating Air Quality and Public Health Benefits in US Decarbonization Strategies. Frontiers in Public Health, 8, Article ID: 563358.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.563358
[49]  Luderer, G., Pehl, M., Arvesen, A., Gibon, T., Bodirsky, B.L., De Boer, H.S., Hertwich, E.G., et al. (2019) Environmental Co-Benefits and Adverse Side-Effects of Alternative Power Sector Decarbonization Strategies. Nature Communications, 10, Article No. 5229.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-13067-8
[50]  Clean Edge (2009) Clean Energy Trends. 1-4.
[51]  IRENA Membership (2019).
https://www.irena.org/About/Membership
[52]  International Energy Agency (IEA) (2003) Renewables for Power Generation: Status & Prospects. IEA, Paris.
[53]  International Energy Agency (IEA) (2004) Renewable Energy: Market and Policy Trends in IEA Countries. IEA, Paris.
[54]  Beck, F. and Martinot, E. (2004) Renewable Energy Policies and Barriers. In: Encyclopedia of Energy, Vol. 5, Academic/Elsevier, New York, 365.
[55]  Martinot, E., Chaurey, A., Lew, D., Moreira, J.R. and Wamukonya, N. (2002) Renewable Energy Markets in Developing Countries. Annual Review of Energy and the Environment, 27, 309-348.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.27.122001.083444
[56]  Martinot, E. (2004) Indicators of Investment and Capacity for Renewable Energy. Renewable Energy World, 7, 35-37.
[57]  Martinot, E. (2006) Renewable Energy Gains Momentum: Global Markets and Policies in the Spotlight. Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development, 48, 26-43.
https://doi.org/10.3200/ENVT.48.6.26-43
[58]  Bilen, K., Ozyurt, O., Bakirci, K., Karsli, S., Erdogan, S., Yilmaz, M. and Comakli, O. (2008) Energy Production, Consumption, and Environmental Pollution for Sustainable Development: A Case Study in Turkey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 12, 1529-1561.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2007.03.003
[59]  IEA (2006) World Energy Outlook 2006. IEA, Paris.
https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2006
[60]  IEA (2011) Solar Energy Perspectives. IEA, Paris.
https://www.iea.org/reports/solar-energy-perspectives
[61]  Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) (2012) Solar Fuels and Artificial Photosynthesis.
https://www.rsc.org/globalassets/04-campaigning-outreach/policy/research-policy/global-challenges/solar-fuels-2012.pdf
[62]  IEA (2022d) Solar—Fuels & Technologies. IEA, Paris.
https://www.iea.org/fuels-and-technologies/solar
[63]  National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) (2013) Renewable Energy Technical Potentials: A GIS-Based Analysis.
https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/51946.pdf
[64]  Thinkprogress (2013) National Renewable Energy Laboratory: Solar Has the Most Potential of Any Renewable Energy Source.
https://archive.thinkprogress.org/national-renewable-energy-laboratory-solar-has-the-most-potential-of-any-renewable-energy-source-87da2c774fcc/
[65]  Global Solar Atlas (2019).
https://globalsolaratlas.info/map
[66]  Renewable Energy (2021) Center for Climate and Energy Solutions.
https://www.c2es.org/
[67]  Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2022) Mitigation of Climate Change IPCC.
https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/
[68]  Clean Energy Council Australia (2021) Clean Energy Australia Report 2021 (PDF), Clean Energy Australia.
https://assets.cleanenergycouncil.org.au/documents/resources/reports/clean-energy-australia/clean-energy-australia-report-2021.pdf
[69]  Solar Energy (2022) Australian Renewable Energy Agency.
https://arena.gov.au/renewable-energy/solar/
[70]  IRENA (2022) Renewable Energy Statistics 2022. 20.
https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Jul/IRENA_Renewable_energy_statistics_2022.pdf
[71]  IRENA (2022) Compound Annual Growth Rate 2012-2021. Renewable Energy Statistics 2022.
[72]  Annual Technology Baseline (2021) Utility-Scale PV.
https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2021/utility-scale_pv#:~:text=Utility%2Dscale%20PV%20systems%20in,et%20al.%2C%202021
[73]  Habib, A., Ismail, I.M.I., Mahmood, A.J. and Rafiqueullah, M. (2012) Photocatalytic Decolorization of Brilliant Golden Yellow over TiO2 and ZnO Suspensions. Journal of Saudi Chemical Society, 16, 423-429.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jscs.2011.02.013
[74]  Habib, A., Muslim, M., Shahadat, T., Islam, N., Ismail, I.M.I., Islam, T.S.A. and Mahmood, A.J. (2013) Photocatalytic Decolorization of Crystal Violet in Aqueous ZnO Suspension under Visible Light Irradiation. Journal of Nanostructure in Chemistry, 3, Article No. 70.
https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-8865-3-70
[75]  Habib, M.A., Shahadat, M.T., Bahadur, N.M., Ismail, I.M. and Mahmood, A.J. (2013) Synthesis and Characterization of ZnO-TiO2 Nanocomposites and Their Application as Photocatalysts. International Nano Letters, 3, Article No. 5.
https://doi.org/10.1186/2228-5326-3-5
[76]  Muslim, M., Habib, M.A., Mahmood, A.J., Islam, T.S.A. and Ismail, I.M.I. (2012) Zinc Oxide-Mediated Photocatalytic Decolorization of Ponceau S in Aqueous Suspension by Visible Light. International Nano Letters, 2, Article No. 30.
https://doi.org/10.1186/2228-5326-2-30
[77]  Nadarajan, R., Bakar, W.A.W.A., Toemen, S., Habib, M.A. and Eleburuike, N.A. (2018) Structure-Activity Relationship of TiO2 Based Trimetallic Oxide towards 1,2-Dichlorobenzene Pho-todegradation: Influence of Preparation Method and Its Mechanism. Chemical Engineering Journal, 351, 708-720.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.06.135
[78]  EWEA (2004) Analysis of Wind Energy in the EU-25. European Wind Energy Association.
[79]  Kaltschmitt, M., Streicher, W. and Wiese, A. (2003) Erneuerbare Energien: Systemtechnik, Wirtschaftlichkeit, Umweltaspekte. Springer, Berlin.
https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-28205-X_5
[80]  The Wayback Machine (2008) Offshore Stations Experience Mean Wind Speeds at 80 m That Are 90% Greater than over Land on Average. Evaluation of Global Wind Power “Overall, the Researchers Calculated Winds at 80 Meters [300 Feet] above Sea Level Traveled over the Ocean at Approximately 8.6 Meters per Second and at Nearly 4.5 Meters per Second over Land [20 and 10 Miles per Hour, Respectively].” Global Wind Map Shows Best Wind Farm Locations.
[81]  IRENA (2022) Renewable Energy Statistics. 13.
https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Jul/IRENA_Renewable_energy_statistics_2022.pdf
[82]  Annual Technology Baseline (2021) Land Based Wind.
https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2021/land-based_wind#:~:text=The%20representative%20technology%20for%20land,et%20al.%2C%202020)
[83]  The World Factbook (2021) Electricity—From Other Renewable Sources—The World Factbook.
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/2021/field/electricity-from-other-renewable-sources/country-comparison/
[84]  Ang, T.Z., Salem, M., Kamarol, M., Das, H.S., Nazari, M.A. and Prabaharan, N. (2022) A Comprehensive Study of Renewable Energy Sources: Classifications, Challenges and Suggestions. Energy Strategy Reviews, 43, Article ID: 100939.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2022.100939
[85]  Moran, E.F., Lopez, M.C., Moore, N., Müller, N. and Hyndman, D.W. (2018) Sustainable Hydropower in the 21st Century. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115, 11891-11898.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1809426115
[86]  IRENA (2012) Renewable Energy Cost Analysis: Hydropower.
https://www.irena.org/documentdownloads/publications/re_technologies_cost_analysis-hydropower.pdf
[87]  Energy Education. Run-of-the-River Hydroelectricity (2018).
https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Run-of-the-river_hydroelectricity
[88]  World Watch Institute (2014) Use and Capacity of Global Hydropower Increases. Eco-Business.
https://www.eco-business.com/research/use-and-capacity-of-global-hydropower-increases/
[89]  International Hydropower Association (IHA) (2022) Hydropower Status Report.
https://www.hydropower.org/publications/2022-hydropower-status-report#:~:text=%E2%80%8DNow%20in%20its%20ninth%20edition,in%20the%20clean%20energy%20transition.&text=The%202022%20Hydropower%20Status%20Report%20finds%20that%3A,to%201360%20GW%20in%202021
[90]  IRENA (2022) Excludes Pure Pumped Storage. Renewable Energy Statistics 2022. 8.
https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Jul/IRENA_Renewable_energy_statistics_2022.pdf
[91]  Annual Technology Baseline (2021) Hydropower.
https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2021/hydropower
[92]  Chowdhury, S.Q. (2021) Karnafuli Hydropower Station, Banglapedia, National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh.
https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Karnafuli_Hydropower_Station#:~:text=Karnafuli%20Hydropower%20Station%20the%20only,the%20port%20city%20of%20chittagong
[93]  Dye, S.T. (2012) Geoneutrinos and the Radioactive Power of the Earth. Reviews of Geophysics, 50, RG3007.
https://doi.org/10.1029/2012RG000400
[94]  Gando, A., Dwyer, D.A., McKeown, R.D. and Zhang, C. (2011) Partial Radiogenic Heat Model for Earth Revealed by Geoneutrino Measurements. Nature Geoscience, 4, 647-651.
https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1205
[95]  Nemzer, J. (1998) Geothermal Heating and Cooling.
https://geothermal.marine.org
[96]  Department of Energy (DoE) (2016) Geothermal Heat Pumps—Department of Energy, US.
https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/geothermal-heat-pumps
[97]  Net Zero Foundation (2021).
https://www.netzerofoundation.bg/en
[98]  Database of State Incentives for Renewables & Efficiency (DSIRE) (2017).
https://solsmart.org/resource/database-of-state-incentives-for-renewables-and-efficiency-dsire#:~:text=DSIRE%20is%20the%20most%20comprehensive,the%20U.S.%20Department%20of%20Energy
[99]  Renewable Capacity Statistics (2022).
https://www.google.com.hk/search?q=RENEWABLE+CAPACITY%0D%0ASTATISTICS+2022&sca_esv=297f8d6bee6ef7a9&hl=zh-CN&source=hp&ei=F4zUZdi8NqPWseMP0qWF4AE&iflsig=ANes7DEAAAAAZdSaJ_rQqXLHlNAI2clMkjFMUBqF3LJT&ved=0ahUKEwiYpJ6157mEAxUja2wGHdJSARwQ4dUDCA0&uact=5&oq=RENEWABLE+CAPACITY%0D%0ASTATISTICS+2022&gs_lp=Egdnd3Mtd2l6IiJSRU5FV0FCTEUgQ0FQQUNJVFkKU1RBVElTVElDUyAyMDIySABQAFgAcAB4AJABAJgBAKABAKoBALgBA8gBAPgBAvgBAQ&sclient=gws-wiz
[100]  Annual Technology Baseline (2021) Geothermal.
https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2021/geothermal
[101]  CNN (2020) Mapua Student Wins International Design Award for Invention Made from Crop Waste.
https://www.reddit.com/r/Philippines/comments/jxqi8n/mapua_student_wins_international_design_award_for/
[102]  Olauson, J., Ayob, M.N., Bergkvist, M., Carpman, N., Castellucci, V. and Goude, A. (2016) Net Load Variability in Nordic Countries with a Highly or Fully Renewable Power System. Nature Energy, 1, Article No. 16175.
https://doi.org/10.1038/NENERGY.2016.175
[103]  Edenhofer, O., Pichs-Madruga, P., Sokona, Y., Seyboth, K., Matschoss, P. and Kadner, S. (2019) Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
[104]  Ramsebner, J., Haas, R., Ajanovic, A. and Wietschel, M. (2021) The Sector Coupling Concept: A Critical Review. WIREs Energy and Environment, 10, e396.
https://doi.org/10.1002/wene.396
[105]  Chen, Y. and Gielen, D. (2021) Intelligent, Flexible Sector Coupling in Cities Can Double the Potential for Wind and Solar. Energy Post.
https://energypost.eu/intelligent-flexible-sector-coupling-in-cities-can-double-the-potential-for-wind-and-solar/
[106]  IEA (2021) Hydropower Special Market Report. IEA, Paris.
https://www.iea.org/reports/hydropower-special-market-report
[107]  Murray, C. (2022) What Role Is Large-Scale Battery Storage Playing on the Grid Today? Energy Storage News.
https://www.energy-storage.news/what-role-is-large-scale-battery-storage-playing-on-the-grid-today/
[108]  Heilweil, R. (2022) These Batteries Work from Home. Vox.
https://www.vox.com/recode/23057167/home-battery-tesla-powerwall-biden
[109]  Gunter, L.P. (2017) Trump Is Foolish to Ignore the Flourishing Renewable Energy Sector. Truthout.
https://truthout.org/articles/trump-is-foolish-to-ignore-the-flourishing-renewable-energy-sector/
[110]  IEA (2022) Renewable Energy Market Update—May 2022, IEA, Paris.
https://www.iea.org/reports/renewable-energy-market-update-may-2022
[111]  Jaeger, J., Walls, G., Clarke, E., Altamirano, J.-C., Harsono, A. and Mountford, H. (2021) The Green Jobs Advantage: How Climate-Friendly Investments Are Better Job Creators. World Resource Institute, Washington DC.
https://doi.org/10.46830/wriwp.20.00142.
[112]  IRENA (2021) Majority of New Renewables Undercut Cheapest Fossil Fuel on Cost.
https://www.irena.org/news/pressreleases/2021/Jun/Majority-of-New-Renewables-Undercut-Cheapest-Fossil-Fuel-on-Cost
[113]  Heidari, N. and Pearce, J.M. (2016) A Review of Greenhouse Gas Emission Liabilities as the Value of Renewable Energy for Mitigating Lawsuits for Climate Change Related Damages. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 55, 899-908.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.11.025
[114]  McCrone, A., Moslener, U., d’Estais, F., Grüning, C. and Emmerich, M. (2020) Global Trends in Renewable Energy Investment 2020. Frankfurt School-UNEP Collaborating Centre for Climate & Sustainable Energy Finance, Bloomberg.
https://www.fs-unep-centre.org/global-trends-in-renewable-energy-investment-2020/
[115]  IEA (2022) Record Clean Energy Spending Is Set to Help Global Energy Investment Grow by 8% in 2022—News. IEA, Paris.
https://www.iea.org/news/record-clean-energy-spending-is-set-to-help-global-energy-investment-grow-by-8-in-2022
[116]  Fitchratings (2022) China’s New Plan for Renewable Energy Development Focuses on Consumption.
https://www.fitchratings.com/research/corporate-finance/chinas-new-plan-for-renewable-energy-development-focus-es-on-consumption-19-06-2022#:~:text=Fitch%20Ratings%2DBeijing%2D19%20June,curtailment%20risk%2C%20says%20Fitch%20Ratings
[117]  Claeys, B., Rosenow, J. and Anderson, M. (2022) Is REPowerEU the Right Energy Policy Recipe to Move Away from Russian Gas?
https://www.euractiv.com
[118]  World Resources Institute (2017) Corporate Renewable Energy Buyers Principles. https://www.wri.org/publications/corporate-renewable-energy-buyers-principles
[119]  Wazed, A. (2010) Prospect and Future of Biomass Fuel: A Review in Bangladesh Perspective. Engineering e-Transaction, 5, 61-66.
https://www.academia.edu/45461908/Prospect_and_Future_of_Biomass_Fuel_A_Review_in_Bangladesh_Perspective
[120]  Nature Conservation Management (NACOM) (2020) A Comprehensive Assessment of the Availability and Use of Biomass Fuels for Various End-Uses with Special Attention to Power Generation. National Project Director, SREPGen Project. Project Manager, SREPGen Project. UNDP, Bangladesh.
https://sreda.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/sreda.portal.gov.bd/page/049ce602_4203_49ac_8237_59e6776e255f/2021-06-22-04-52-31df1f5baf3ce33a4d5737629a391869.pdf
[121]  Department for Business, Energy and In-dustrial Strategy (DBEIS) (2020) Aggregated Energy Balances Showing Proportion of Renewables in Supply and Demand.
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/920564/Aggregated_Energy_Balances__of_which_renewables_.pdf
[122]  Ramsey, W.C. (2006) Energy Technology Perspectives: Scenarios and Strategies to 2050. IEA, Paris, 124.
http://www.unece.lsu.edu/biofuels/documents/2007July/SRN_020.pdf
[123]  UC USA (2013) Environmental Impacts of Hydroelectric Power|Union of Concerned Scientists.
https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/environmental-impacts-hydroelectric-power
[124]  Lia, L., Jensen, T., Stensbyand, K.E., Holm, G. and Ruud, A.M. (2015) The Current Status of Hydropower Development and Dam Construction in Norway.
https://www.ntnu.no/documents/381182060/641036380/Leif+Lia_FINAL.PDF/32bac8f3-b443-493b-a1eb-e22ce572acd9
[125]  Farmer, M. (2021) How Norway Became Europe’s Biggest Power Exporter. Power Technology.
https://www.power-technology.com/features/how-norway-became-europes-biggest-power-exporter/
[126]  Burgland, N. (2022) Trade Surplus Soars on Energy Exports|Norway’s News in English.
https://www.newsinenglish.no/2022/01/17/trade-surplus-soars-on-energy-exports/
[127]  Mckinsey and Company (2022) Succeeding in the Global Offshore Wind Market|McKinsey.
https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/electric-power-and-natural-gas/our-insights/how-to-succeed-in-the-expanding-global-offshore-wind-market
[128]  Renewable Electricity Capacity and Generation (RECG) (2018).
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1126178/ET_6.1_DEC_22.xlsx
[129]  Solar Energy Projects in California (2022).
https://www.energy.ca.gov/programs-and-topics/topics/renewable-energy/solar-energy
[130]  NextEra Energy (2014) Segs Iii, Iv, V, Vi, Vii, Viii & Ix.
https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML0932/ML093280629.pdf
[131]  Ivanpah Solar Power Facility (ISPF) (2013) Wikipedia.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivanpah_Solar_Power_Facility
[132]  Mearian, L. (2013) US Flips Switch on Massive Solar Power Array That Also Stores Electricity: The Array Is First Large U.S. Solar Plant with a Thermal Energy Storage System.
https://www.computerworld.com/article/2830218/u-s--flips-switch-on-massive-solar-power-array-that-also-stores-electricity.html
[133]  REN21 (2021) Renewables Global Status Report.
https://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/GSR2021_Full_Report.pdf
[134]  Deutsche Bank Markets Research (2015) Crossing the Chasm.
https://mdvseia.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/solar_report_full_length.pdf
[135]  Solar in New Jersey (2022).
https://www.nj.gov/dep/aqes/opea-solar.html
[136]  IEA (2014) Technology Roadmap—Solar Photovoltaic Energy 2014. IEA, Paris.
https://www.iea.org/reports/technology-roadmap-solar-photovoltaic-energy-2014
[137]  Denis, L. (2010) Large-Scale Photovoltaic Power Plants Ranking 1-50.
https://www.pvresources.com/en/top50pv
[138]  Glassley, W.E. (2010) Geothermal Energy: Renewable Energy and the Environment, CRC Press, Boca Raton.
https://doi.org/10.1201/EBK1420075700
[139]  Khan, M.A. (2007) The Geysers Geothermal Field, an Injection Success Story. Annual Forum of the Groundwater Protection Council.
https://www.geothermal-energy.org/pdf/IGAstandard/WGC/2010/0620.pdf
[140]  IEA (2020) Changes in Prima-ry Energy Demand by Fuel and Region in the Stated Policies Scenario 2019-2030. IEA, Paris.
https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/charts/changes-in-primary-energy-demand-by-fuel-and-region-in-the-stated-policies-scenario-2019-2030
[141]  Flavin, C. and Aeck, M.H. (2005) Energy for Development: The Potential Role of Re-newable Energy in Meeting the Millennium Development Goals. Ren21, 7-9.
https://search.issuelab.org/resource/energy-for-development-the-potential-role-of-renewable-energy-in-meeting-the-millennium-development-goals.html
[142]  The Daily Star (2023) 100pc Population Now under Electricity Coverage.
https://www.thedailystar.net/business/economy/news/100pc-population-comes-under-electricity-coverage-2983111
[143]  BPDB (2022) Annual Energy Report (2021-22).
http://bd.bpdb.gov.bd/bpdb/new_annual_reports
[144]  SREDA (2022) National Database of Renewable Energy. Sustainable and Renewable Energy Development Authority, Bangladesh.
[145]  Hossain, S.M., Biswas, S. and Uddin, M.R. (2023) Sustainable Energy Transition in Bangladesh: Challenges and Pathways for the Future. Engineering Reports, 6, e12752.
https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.12752
[146]  BPDB (2021) Annual Energy Report (2020-21).
https://bpdb.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bpdb.portal.gov.bd/annual_reports/7b792f67_bf50_4b3d_9bef_8f9b568005c9/2022-10-18-05-55-f1971a327c2aebfd37f6f9a8e723d1fb.pdf
[147]  Jacobson, M., Draxl, C., Jimenez, T., O’Neill, B., Capozzola, T., Lee, J.A., Haupt, S.E., et al. (2018) Assessing the Wind Energy Potential in Bangladesh: Enabling Wind Energy Development with Data Products (No. NREL/TP-5000-71077). National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden.
[148]  IEA (2020) Policies Database.
https://www.iea.org/policies
[149]  IEA (2020) Signatory States of IEA.
https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/international-cooperation/international-organisations-and-initiatives/international-energy-agency_en#:~:text=and%20clean%20energy.-,IEA%20members,Kingdom%2C%20and%20the%20United%20States
[150]  International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) (2019) Renewable Energy Now Accounts for a Third of Global Power Capacity.
https://www.irena.org/news/pressreleases/2019/Apr/Renewable-Energy-Now-Accounts-for-a-Third-of-Global-Power-Capacity
[151]  Makiela, K., Mazur, B. and Glowacki, J. (2022) The Impact of Renewable Energy Supply on Economic Growth and Productivity. Energies, 15, Article No. 4808.
https://doi.org/10.3390/en15134808
[152]  Tran, M. (2011) UN Calls for Universal Access to Renewable Energy. The Guardian.
https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2011/nov/02/human-development-report-renewable-energy
[153]  Berlin, K., Hundt, R., Muro, M. and Saha, D. (2012) State Clean Energy Banks: New Investment Facilities for Clean Energy Deployment. Brookings.
https://www.brookings.edu/research/state-clean-energy-finance-banks-new-investment-facilities-for-clean-energy-deployment/
[154]  Cienski, J. (2021) Putin Promises Gas to a Europe Struggling with Soaring Prices. Politico.
https://www.politico.eu/article/russia-president-vladimir-putin-gas-price-europe/
[155]  Simon, F. (2021) The EU Releases Its Green Deal. Here Are the Key Points. Climate Home News.
https://www.climatechangenews.com/2019/12/12/eu-releases-green-deal-key-points/
[156]  IEA (2020f) Net Zero by 2050. A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector.
https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/deebef5d-0c34-4539-9d0c-10b13d840027/NetZeroby2050-ARoadmapfortheGlobalEnergySector_CORR.pdf
[157]  Ylenews (2019) Cheap, Safe 100% Renewable Energy Possible before 2050, Says Finnish Uni Study. YleUutiset.
https://yle.fi/a/3-10736252
[158]  Gulagi, A., Alcanzare, M., Bogdanov, D., Esparcia, E., Ocon, J. and Breyer, C. (2021) Transition Pathway towards 100% Renewable Energy across the Sectors of Power, Heat, Transport, and Desalination for the Philippines. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 144, Article ID: 110934.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.110934
[159]  Hansen, K., Breyer, C. and Lund, H. (2019) Status and Perspectives on 100% Renewable Energy Systems. Energy, 175, 471-480.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.03.092
[160]  Koumoundouros, T. (2019) Stanford Researchers Have an Exciting Plan to Tackle the Climate Emergency Worldwide. ScienceAlert.
https://www.sciencealert.com/stanford-researchers-have-a-plan-to-tackle-the-climate-emergency
[161]  Wiseman, J., Edwards, T. and Luckins, K. (2013) Post Carbon Pathways: Towards a Just and Resilient Post Carbon Future. Melbourne Sustainable Society Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne.
https://cpd.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Post-Carbon-Pathways-Report-2013_Revised.pdf
[162]  WHO (2022) Ambient (Outdoor) Air Quality and Health.
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ambient-(outdoor)-air-quality-and-health
[163]  WHO (2022) Household Air Pollution and Health.
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/household-air-pollution-and-health

Full-Text

comments powered by Disqus

Contact Us

service@oalib.com

QQ:3279437679

WhatsApp +8615387084133