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天然活性成分抗乳腺癌的研究进展
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Abstract:
放眼全球，乳腺癌(Breast Cancer, BC)是最常见和反复发作的疾病之一，也是女性死亡的第二大原因。乳腺癌对女性不仅身体上造成伤害，还给精神和经济上带来沉重的负担。尽管有预防、诊断和治疗选择，如放疗和化疗，但发病率每年都在增加。目前应用的化学疗法仍然存在问题，如癌细胞的异质性、对正常组织的严重毒性、快速产生耐药性和疾病复发，以及癌症干细胞的聚集和无法阻止病情进展至侵入性/转移性阶段。因此，需要开发针对不同亚型乳腺癌的新型治疗药物。在可用于治疗乳腺癌的药物中，天然产物如植物衍生化合物显示出抗乳腺癌特性。这些物质属于不同的化学类别，如黄酮类、皂苷类、萜类和生物碱类等。它们通过不同的机制对乳腺癌细胞进行体内外的细胞毒性活性，包括抑制外源性和内源性凋亡途径、阻碍细胞周期和激活自噬。此外，它们还表现出抗血管生成和抑制侵袭的作用。本综述的目的是整理具有抗肿瘤活性的天然生物活性化合物对乳腺癌的作用机制，为天然活性成分抗乳腺癌的临床应用提供科学依据。
Globally, breast cancer (BC) is one of the most common and recurrent diseases and the second leading cause of death among women. Breast cancer not only takes a physical toll on women, but also places a heavy emotional and financial burden. Despite the availability of preventive, diagnostic and therapeutic options, such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy, the incidence is increasing every year. Currently applied chemotherapies still have problems such as heterogeneity of cancer cells, severe toxicity to normal tissues, rapid development of drug resistance and disease recurrence, as well as aggregation of cancer stem cells and inability to prevent progression to invasive/metastatic stages. Therefore, there is a need to develop novel therapeutic agents that target different subtypes of breast cancer. Among the drugs available for the treatment of breast cancer, natural products such as plant-derived compounds show anti-breast cancer properties. These substances belong to different chemical classes such as flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids and alkaloids. They exert cytotoxic activity against breast cancer cells ex vivo and in vivo through different mechanisms, including inhibition of exogenous and endogenous apoptotic pathways, obstruction of the cell cycle and activation of autophagy. In addition, they exhibit anti-angiogenic and inhibitory effects on invasion. The aim of this review is to organize the mechanisms of action of natural bioactive compounds with antitumor activity against breast cancer and to provide a scientific basis for the clinical application of natural active ingredients against breast cancer.
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