Despite
the fact that a few countries in the Mediterranean and theMiddle
East have limited crude oil reserves, they have abundant biomass feedstocks.
For instance, Jordan relies heavily on the importation of natural gas and crude
oil for its energy needs; but, by applying thermochemical conversion
techniques, leftover olive oil can be used to replace these energy sources.
Understanding the chemical, physical, and thermal characteristics of raw
materials is essential to obtaining the most out of these conversion processes.
Thermogravimetric analysis was used in this study to examine the thermal
behavior of olive-solid residue (kernel) at three different heating rates (5,
20 and 40 C/min) in nitrogen and oxygen atmospheres. The initial degradation
temperature, the residual weight at 500 and 700˚C and the thermal degradation
rate during the devolatilization stage (below 400˚C) were all determined. It
was found that in N2 and O2 atmospheres, both the initial
degradation temperature and the degradation rate increase with increasing
heating rates. As heating rates increase in the N2 atmosphere, the
residual weight at 500 or 700˚C decreases slightly, but at low heating rates compared to high heating rates in the O2 atmosphere, it decreases
significantly. This suggests that a longer lignin oxidation process is better
than a shorter one. Coats and Redfern approach was used to identify the
mechanism and activation energy for the devolatilization stage of pyrolysis and
oxidation reactions. The process mechanism analysis revealed that the model of
first-order and second-order reactions may adequately describe the mechanism of
heat degradation of the devolatilization
step of olive-solid waste for pyrolysis and oxidation processes, respectively.
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