A model fermion has been produced in a theory of quantum gravity that establishes the existence of a mass gap and half-integralspin. The third requirement for the fermion is electric charge. We herein develop a dualism-based analysis that explains the origin of charge at the fermion scale in a primordial field theory of quantum gravity.
References
[1]
Klingman, E. (2022) Journal of Modern Physics, 13, 1128-1145. https://doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2022.137065
[2]
Klingman, E. (2024) Journal of Modern Physics, 15, 132-158. https://doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2024.151005
[3]
Klingman, E. (2020) Journal of Modern Physics, 12, 65-81. https://doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2021.122007
[4]
Klingman, E. (2021) Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravity & Cosmology, 7, Article No. 3.
[5]
Faber, M. (2022) Journal of Physics, 361, Article ID: 012022. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/361/1/012022
[6]
Van Leunen, H. (2015) Open Access Library Journal, 2, e1836.
[7]
Heaviside, O. (1893) The Electrician, 31, 81-82.
[8]
Klingman, E. (2022) Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics, 10, 2292-2302. https://doi.org/10.4236/jamp.2022.107156
[9]
Armas, J. (2021) Conversations on Quantum Gravity. Cambridge U Press, Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316717639
[10]
Yau, S. (2010) The Shape of Inner Space. Basic Books, New York.
[11]
Phipps, T. (2012) Old Physics for New: A Worldview Alternative to Einstein’s Relativity Theory. 2nd Edition, Apeiron, Montreal.
[12]
Hertz, H. (1890) Electric Waves “On the Fundamental Equations of Electromagnetics for Bodies in Motion”. Dover, Mineola.