|
|
广泛期小细胞肺癌联合免疫治疗的临床进展
|
Abstract:
广泛期小细胞肺癌传统的一线治疗方案主要包括化疗和放疗，但往往存在耐药性和毒副作用的问题。免疫治疗作为一种新型的治疗策略，可以激活患者自身的免疫系统来攻击肿瘤细胞，具有更好的耐受性和长期效应。本综述主要介绍了广泛期小细胞肺癌传统治疗的局限性和免疫治疗的机制以及现阶段联合免疫治疗的临床进展。
The traditional first-line treatment for extensive-stage small cell lung cancer mainly includes chemotherapy and radiotherapy, but there are often problems of drug resistance and toxic side effects. Immunotherapy, as a new type of treatment strategy, can activate the patient’s own immune system to attack tumor cells and has better tolerance and long-term effects. This review mainly introduces the limitations of traditional treatment for extensive-stage small cell lung cancer, the mechanism of immunotherapy, and the current clinical progress of combined immunotherapy.
| [1] | Rudin, C.M., Ismaila, N., Hann, C.L., et al. (2019) Treatment of Small-Cell Lung Cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology Endorsement of the American College of Chest Physicians Guideline. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 37, 3210-3220. |
| [2] | Socinski, M.A., Smit, E.F., Lorigan, P., et al. (2009) Paclitaxel plus Carboplatin versus Etoposide plus Carboplatin in Extensive-Stage Small-Cell Lung Cancer: A Phase III Study of Chemotherapy-Naive Patients. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 27, 4787-4792. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2009.23.1548 |
| [3] | Guckenberger, M., Andratschke, N., Dieckmann, K., et al. (2017) ESTRO ACROP Consensus Guideline on Implementation and Practice of Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy for Peripherally Located Early Stage Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Radiotherapy and Oncology, 124, 11-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radonc.2017.05.012 |
| [4] | Kwak, E.L., Bang, Y.J., Camidge, D.R., et al. (2010) Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase Inhibition in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. The New England Journal of Medicine, 363, 1693-1703. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1006448 |
| [5] | Eberhardt, W.E.E., Mitchell, A., Crowley, J., et al. (2015) The IASLC Lung Cancer Staging Project: Proposals for the Revision of the M Descriptors in the Forthcoming Eighth Edition of the TNM Classification of Lung Cancer. Journal of Thoracic Oncology, 10, 1515-1522. https://doi.org/10.1097/JTO.0000000000000673 |
| [6] | Kalemkerian, G.P., Loo Jr., B.W., Akerley, W., et al. (2020) NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Small Cell Lung Cancer. Version 2. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/sclc.pdf |
| [7] | Zhang, L., et al. (2019) Personalized Medicine in Lung Cancer: Current Status and Future Directions. Translational Lung Cancer Research, 8, 748-758. |
| [8] | Zhang, J. and Herbst, R.S. (2020) Review of Small Cell Lung Cancer and Its Treatment: Recent Advances and Prospects. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 70, 320-335. |
| [9] | Lee, S.M., et al. (2019) Ipilimumab and Nivolumab in Patients with Relapsed Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Multicenter Phase 2 Study. Journal of Thoracic Oncology, 14, 768-775. |
| [10] | Liu, S., Li, M., Gu, Y., Wang, X., Sun, L., Wei, C., Ma, Y., Fang, J. and Li, Y. (2020) Advances in Targeting Cell Surface Signalling Molecules for Immune Modulation in Small Cell Lung Cancer. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, 24, 7182-7194. |
| [11] | Gaspar, L.E., Mcnamara, E.J., Gay, E.G., et al. (2012) Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Prognostic Factors and Changing Treatment over 15 Years. Clinical Lung Cancer, 13, 115-122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cllc.2011.05.008 |
| [12] | Travis, W.D., Brambilla, E., Noguchi, M., et al. (2011) International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer/American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society International Multidisciplinary Classification of Lung Adenocarcinoma. Journal of Thoracic Oncology, 6, 244-285. |
| [13] | Nicholson, A.G., Chansky, K., Crowley, J., Beyruti, R., Kubota, K., Turrisi, A. and Rusch, V.W. (2011) The International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer Lung Cancer Staging Project: Proposals for the Revision of the Clinical and Pathologic Staging of Small Cell Lung Cancer in the Forthcoming Eighth Edition of the TNM Classification for Lung Cancer. Journal of Thoracic Oncology, 11, 300-311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtho.2015.10.008 |
| [14] | Wang, S., et al. (2016) Advanced Small Cell Lung Cancer: Characteristics of Treatment Failure, Prognostic Factors, and New Therapeutic Modalities. Thoracic Cancer, 7, 300-308. |
| [15] | 何平, 蔡子维, 张建新, 等. 中国肺癌发病和死亡情况的回顾性分析[J]. 中华流行病学杂志, 2008, 29(6): 556-560. |
| [16] | Rudin, C.M., Durinck, S., Stawiski, E.W., Poirier, J.T., Modrusan, Z., Shames, D.S. and Hann, C.L. (2012) Comprehensive Genomic Analysis Identifies SOX2 as a Frequently Amplified Gene in Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Nature Genetics, 44, 1111-1116. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.2405 |
| [17] | Govindan, R., Page, N., Morgensztern, D., et al. (2006) Changing Epidemiology of Small-Cell Lung Cancer in the United States over the Last 30 Years: Analysis of the Surveillance, Epidemiologic, and End Results Database. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 24, 4539-4544. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2005.04.4859 |
| [18] | Sabari, J.K., Lok, B.H., Laird, J.H., et al. (2017) Unravelling the Biology of SCLC: Implications for Therapy. Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology, 14, 549-561. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrclinonc.2017.71 |
| [19] | Lara Jr., P.N. (2002) Topotecan in the Treatment of Extensive-Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer. Seminars in Oncology, 29, 39-44. |
| [20] | 王菲, 朱晓光. 化疗药物的不良反应及其对癌症患者生活质量的影响[J]. 临床肿瘤学杂志, 2007, 12(7): 599-601. |
| [21] | Bellesoeur, A., et al. (2017) Interindividual Variability in the Efficacy and Toxicity of Chemotherapy: An Overview. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology, 80, 789-804. |
| [22] | Li, Q., Hu, C., Su, S., et al. (2022) Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer with Malignant Pleural Effusion May Require Primary Tumor Radiotherapy in Addition to Drug Treatment. Cancer Management and Research, 14, 3347-3358. https://doi.org/10.2147/CMAR.S385818 |
| [23] | Watanabe, S.I., Nakagawa, K., Suzuki, K., et al. (2017) Neoadjuvant and Adjuvant Therapy for Stage III Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology, 47, 1112-1118. https://doi.org/10.1093/jjco/hyx147 |
| [24] | Reboul, F.L. (2004) Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy in Locally Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Preclinical and Early Clinical Data. Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America, 18, 41-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0889-8588(03)00138-2 |
| [25] | Jain, R.K. (2014) Antiangiogenesis Strategies Revisited: From Starving Tumors to Alleviating Hypoxia. Cancer Cell, 26, 605-622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccell.2014.10.006 |
| [26] | Schwaederle, M., Zhao, M., Lee, J.J., et al. (2015) Impact of Precision Medicine in Diverse Cancers: A Meta-Analysis of Tumor Molecular Profiling Trials. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 33, 3817-3825. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2015.61.5997 |
| [27] | Turner, N.C. and Reis-Filho, J.S. (2012) Tackling the Diversity of Breast Cancer: Therapeutic Implications for Platinum Sensitivity. Breast Cancer Research, 14, 219. |
| [28] | Lacouture, M.E., et al. (2007) Dermatologic Toxicities Associated with EGFR Inhibitors: the Clinical Psychologist’s Perspective. Impact on Health-Related Quality of Life and Implications for Clinical Management of Psychological Sequelae. Oncology, 21, 34-36. |
| [29] | Van Der Burg, S.H., Arens, R., Ossendorp, F., Van, Hall, T. and Melief, C.J. (2016) Vaccines for Established Cancer: Overcoming the Challenges Posed by Immune Evasion. Nature Reviews Cancer, 16, 219-233. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc.2016.16 |
| [30] | Robert, C., Ribas, A., Wolchok, J.D., et al. (2014) Anti-Programmed-Death-Receptor-1 Treatment with Pembrolizumab in Ipilimumab-Refractory Advanced Melanoma: A Randomised Dose-Comparison Cohort of a Phase 1 Trial. The Lancet, 384, 1109-1117. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60958-2 |
| [31] | Sun, C., Mezzadra, R. and Schumacher, T.N. (2018) Regulation and Function of the PD-L1 Checkpoint. Immunity, 48, 434-452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2018.03.014 |
| [32] | Hodi, F.S., O’Day, S.J., McDermott, D.F., et al. (2010) Improved Survival with Ipilimumab in Patients with Metastatic Melanoma. New England Journal of Medicine, 363, 711-723. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1003466 |
| [33] | Schreiber, R.D., Old, L.J. and Smyth, M.J. (2011) Cancer Immunoediting: Integrating Immunity’s Roles in Cancer Suppression and Promotion. Science, 331, 1565-1570. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1203486 |
| [34] | Motzer, R.J., Tannir, N.M., McDermott, D.F., et al. (2018) Nivolumab plus Ipilimumab versus Sunitinib in Advanced Renal-Cell Carcinoma. The New England Journal of Medicine, 378, 1277-1290. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1712126 |
| [35] | Rudin, C.M., Awad, M.M., Navarro, A., et al. (2020) Pembrolizumab or Placebo plus Etoposide and Platinum as First-Line Therapy for Extensive-Stage Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Randomized, Double-Blind, Phase III KEYNOTE-604 Study. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 38, 2369-2379. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.20.00793 |
| [36] | Hellmann, M.D., Paz-Ares, L., Bernabe Caro, R., Zurawski, B., Kim, S.W., Carcereny Costa, E., Park, K., Alexandru, A., Lupinacci, L., De La Mora Jimenez, E., et al. (2020) Nivolumab plus Ipilimumab in Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. The New England Journal of Medicine, 383, 1413-1425. |
| [37] | Paz-Ares, L., Dvorkin, M., Chen, Y., et al. (2019) Durvalumab plus Platinum-Etoposide versus Platinum-Etoposide in First-Line Treatment of Extensive-Stage Small-Cell Lung Cancer (CASPIAN): A Randomized, Controlled, Open-Label, Phase 3 Trial. The Lancet, 394, 1929-1939. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32222-6 |
| [38] | Wolchok, J.D., Chiarion-Sileni, V., Gonzalez, R., et al. (2017) Overall Survival with Combined Nivolumab and Ipilimumab in Advanced Melanoma. The New England Journal of Medicine, 377, 1345-1356. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1709684 |
| [39] | Reck, M., Rodríguez-Abreu, D., Robinson, A.G., et al. (2016) Pembrolizumab versus Chemotherapy for PD-L1-Positive Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. The New England Journal of Medicine, 375, 1823-1833. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1606774 |
| [40] | Paz-Ares, L., Luft, A., Vicente, D., et al. (2018) Pembrolizumab plus Chemotherapy for Squamous Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. The New England Journal of Medicine, 379, 2040-2051. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1810865 |
| [41] | Rudin, C.M., Awad, M.M., Navarro, A., Gottfried, M., Peters, S., Csoszi, T. and Perez, E. (2020) Pembrolizumab or Placebo plus Etoposide and Platinum as First-Line Therapy for Extensive-Stage Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Randomized, Double-Blind, Phase III KEYNOTE-604 Study. Annals of Oncology, 31, 934-943. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.20.00793 |
| [42] | Paz-Ares, L., et al. (2019) Durvalumab plus Platinum-Etoposide versus Platinum-Etoposide in First-Line Treatment of Extensive-Stage Small-Cell Lung Cancer (CASPIAN): A Randomised, Controlled, Open-Label, Phase 3 Trial. The Lancet, 394, 1929-1939. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32222-6 |
| [43] | Reck, M., RodríGuez-Abreu, D., Robinson, A.G., et al. (2016) Pembrolizumab versus Chemotherapy for PD-L1-Positive Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. The New England Journal of Medicine, 375, 1823-1833. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1606774 |
| [44] | Theelen, W.S.M.E., Peulen, H.M.U., Lalezari, F., et al. (2019) Effect of Pembrolizumab after Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy vs Pembrolizumab Alone on Tumor Response in Patients with Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Results of the PEMBRO-RT Phase 2 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Oncology, 5, 1276-1282. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2019.1478 |
| [45] | Sharabi, A.B., Nirschl, C.J., Kochel, C.M., et al. (2015) Stereotactic Radiation Therapy Augments Antigen-Specific PD-1-Mediated Antitumor Immune Responses via Cross-Presentation of Tumor Antigen. Cancer Immunology Research, 3, 345-355. https://doi.org/10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-14-0196 |
| [46] | George, J., Lim, J.S., Jang, S.J., et al. (2015) Comprehensive Genomic Profiles of Small Cell Lung Cancer. Nature, 524, 47-53. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14664 |
| [47] | Mok, T., et al. (2019) Atezolizumab plus Bevacizumab and Chemotherapy in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer (IMpower150): Key Subgroup Analyses of Patients with EGFR Mutations or Baseline Liver Metastases in a Randomised, Open-Label Phase 3 Trial. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 7, 387-401. |
| [48] | Mok, T., et al. (2018) IMpower131: Primary PFS, Safety and Biomarker Analyses of a Phase III Study of Atezolizumab Carboplatin Paclitaxel or Nab-Paclitaxel vs Carboplatin Nab-Paclitaxel as 1L Therapy in Advanced Squamous NSCLC. Annals of Oncology, 29, VIII750-VIII751. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdy424.077 |
| [49] | George, J., Lim, J.S., Jang, S.J., Cun, Y., Ozreti？, L., Kong, G., Leenders, F., Lu, X., Fernández-Cuesta, L., Bosco, G. and Müller, C. (2015) Comprehensive Genomic Profiles of Small Cell Lung Cancer. Nature, 524, 47-53. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14664 |
| [50] | Sharma, P. and Allison, J.P. (2015) Immune Checkpoint Targeting in Cancer Therapy: Toward Combination Strategies with Curative Potential. Cell, 161, 205-214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2015.03.030 |
| [51] | Ribas, A. and Wolchok, J.D. (2018) Cancer Immunotherapy Using Checkpoint Blockade. Science, 359, 1350-1355. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aar4060 |
