Efficient third-order nonlinearities of the Zinc Oxide and Al-doped Zinc Oxide were studied by Third Harmonic Generation (Third Harmonic Generation) Maker fringes to establish the effect Aluminum of Aluminum doping (Al-doping) on the cubic nonlinearities. Adding the Al-dopant to the Zinc Oxide crystal structure results in changes that affect the optical and nonlinear characteristics. Presented results indicate that the magnitude of X(3) was enhanced at single experimental wavelengths; however, across the broadband experimental spectrum, the effect of Al-doping remained relatively constant. The observed enhancement of third-order nonlinearity was purely from the bound electronic response. The observation is attributed to increased charge carriers and spontaneous polarization in the Zinc Oxide and Al-doped Zinc Oxide crystal structure.
References
[1]
Jagadish, C. and Pearton, S.J. (2011) Zinc Oxide Bulk, Thin Films and Nanostructures: Processing, Properties, and Applications. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
[2]
Fortunato, E., Gonçalves, A., Pimentel, A., Barquinha, P., Gonçalves, G., Pereira, L., Ferreira, I. and Martins, R. (2009) Zinc Oxide, a Multifunctional Material: From Material to Device Applications. Applied Physics A, 96, 197-205. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-009-5086-5
[3]
Srikant, V. and Clarke, D.R. (1998) On the Optical Band Gap of Zinc Oxide. Journal of Applied Physics, 83, 5447-5451. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.367375
[4]
Shan, F., Liu, G., Lee, W., Lee, G., Kim, I., Shin, B. and Kim, Y. (2005) Transparent Conductive ZnO Thin Films on Glass Substrates Deposited by Pulsed Laser Deposition. Journal of Crystal Growth, 277, 284-292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2005.01.016
[5]
Reynolds, D., Look, D.C., Jogai, B., Litton, C., Cantwell, G. and Harsch, W. (1999) Valence-Band Ordering in ZnO. Physical Review B, 60, 2340-2344. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.60.2340
[6]
Yoshioka, K., Yoneyama, H., Maeda, K., Niikura, I., Sato, M. and Ito. M. (2005) Zinc Oxide Single Crystal. Application No. 11/239,214. https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2004090202A1/en
[7]
Chen, Y., Bagnall, D., Koh, H.-J., Park, K.-T., Hiraga, K., Zhu, Z. and Yao, T. (1998) Plasma Assisted Molecular Beam Epitaxy of ZnO on C-Plane Sapphire: Growth and Characterization. Journal of Applied Physics, 84, 3912-3918. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.368595
[8]
Pearton, S., Norton, D., Ip, K., Heo, Y. and Steiner, T. (2005) RETRACTED: Recent Progress in Processing and Properties of ZnO. Progress in Materials Science, 50, 293-340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2004.04.001
[9]
Dhakal, T., Nandur, A.S., Christian, R., Vasekar, P., Desu, S., Westgate, C., Koukis, D., Arenas, D. and Tanner, D. (2012) Transmittance from Visible to Mid Infra-Red in AZO Films Grown by Atomic Layer Deposition System. Solar Energy, 86, 1306-1312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2012.01.022
Meredith, G.R. (1982) Second-Order Cascading in Third-Order Nonlinear Optical Processes. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 77, 5863-5871. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.443859
[12]
Zappettini, A., D’Amore, F., Pietralunga, S., Terio, A., Martinelli, M., Bliss, D. and Callahan, M. (2004) Wavelength Dependence of the Third Order Non-Linear Coefficient in Hydrothermally Grown ZnO Crystals. physica status solidi (c), 1, 997-1000. https://doi.org/10.1002/pssc.200304274
[13]
Larciprete, M.C., Haertle, D., Belardini, A., Bertolotti, M., Sarto, F. and Günter, P. (2006) Characterization of Second and Third Order Optical Nonlinearities of ZnO Sputtered Films. Applied Physics B: Lasers and Optics, 82, 431-437. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-005-2022-z
[14]
Castañeda, L., Morales-Saavedra, O., Acosta, D., Maldonado, A. and De La L. Olvera, M. (2006) Structural, Morphological, Optical, and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Fluorine-Doped Zinc Oxide Thin Films Deposited on Glass Substrates by the Chemical Spray Technique. Physica Status Solidi (a), 203, 1971-1981. https://doi.org/10.1002/pssa.200521386
[15]
Jerphagnon, J. and Kurtz, S. (1970) Maker Fringes: A Detailed Comparison of Theory and Experiment for Isotropic and Uniaxial Crystals. Journal of Applied Physics, 41, 1667-1681. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1659090
[16]
Maker, P., Terhune, R., Nisenoff, M. and Savage, C. (1962) Effects of Dispersion and Focusing on the Production of Optical Harmonics. Physical Review Letters, 8, 21-22. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.8.21
[17]
Gubler, U. and Bosshard, C. (2000) Optical Third-Harmonic Generation of Fused Silica in Gas Atmosphere: Absolute Value of the Third-Order Nonlinear Optical Susceptibility χ(3). Physical Review B, 61, 10702-10710. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.61.10702
[18]
Bosshard, C., Gubler, U., Kaatz, P., Mazerant, W. and Meier, U. (2000) Non-Phase-Matched Optical Third-Harmonic Generation in Noncentrosymmetric Media: Cascaded Second-Order Contributions for the Calibration of Third-Order Nonlinearities. Physical Review B, 61, 10688-10701. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.61.10688
[19]
Sofiani, Z., Sahraoui, B., Addou, M., Adhiri, R., Lamrani, M.A., Dghoughi, L., Fellahi, N., Derkowska, B. and Bala, W. (2007) Third Harmonic Generation in Undoped and X Doped ZnO Films (X: Ce, F, Er, Al, Sn) Deposited by Spray Pyrolysis. Journal of Applied Physics, 101, Article 063104. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2711143
[20]
Kulyk, B., Essaidi, Z., Luc, J., Sofiani, Z., Boudebs, G., Sahraoui, B., Kapustianyk, V. and Turko, B. (2007) Second and Third Order Nonlinear Optical Properties of Microrod ZnO Films Deposited on Sapphire Substrates by Thermal Oxidation of Metallic Zinc. Journal of Applied Physics, 102, Article 113113. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2822461
[21]
Abed, S., Aida, M., Bouchouit, K., Arbaoui, A., Iliopoulos, K. and Sahraoui, B. (2011) Non-Linear Optical and Electrical Properties of ZnO Doped Ni Thin Films Obtained Using Spray Ultrasonic Technique. Optical Materials, 33, 968-972. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2011.01.018
[22]
Liu, C., Zhang, B., Binh, N. and Segawa, Y. (2004) Third-Harmonic Generation from ZnO Films Deposited by MOCVD. Applied Physics B: Lasers and Optics, 79, 83-86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-004-1507-5
[23]
Neumann, U., Grunwald, R., Griebner, U., Steinmeyer, G. and Seeber, W. (2004) Second-Harmonic Efficiency of ZnO Nanolayers. Applied Physics Letters, 84, 170-172. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1639939
[24]
Khaled, J., Fujiwara, T., Ohama, M. and Ikushima, A. (2000) Generation of Second Harmonics in Ge-Doped SiO2 Thin Films by Ultraviolet Irradiation under Poling Electric Field. Journal of Applied Physics, 87, 2137-2141. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.372152
[25]
Quimby, R.S. (2006) Photonics and Lasers: An Introduction. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471791598
[26]
He, G.S. and Liu, S.H. (1999) Physics of Nonlinear Optics. World Scientific Publishing, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1142/3648
[27]
Kulyk, B., Sahraoui, B., Krupka, O., Kapustianyk, V., Rudyk, V., Berdowska, E., Tkaczyk, S. and Kityk, I. (2009) Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties of ZnO/PMMA Nanocomposite Films. Journal of Applied Physics, 106, Article 093102. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3253745
[28]
Jang, J., Park, S., Frazer, N., Ketterson, J., Lee, S., Roy, B. and Cho, J. (2012) Strong P-Band Emission and Third Harmonic Generation from ZnO Nanorods. Solid State Communications, 152, 1241-1243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssc.2012.04.028
[29]
Boyd, R.W., Shi, Z., and De Leon, I. (2014) The Third-Order Nonlinear Optical Susceptibility of Gold. Optics Communications, 326, 74-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2014.03.005
