New Data on Coal, Gypsum, Iron and Silica Sand Deposits and Geochemical Exploration (Pakistan): Revision of 25 Years History of Dinosaur Discoveries from Pakistan
Discoveries of many coal seams at depths by
drilling carried by Geological Survey of Pakistan in Sor Range and Harnai
Gochina, extended the coal seams at depth which is challenge for mine owners to
exploit feasibly. Bed to bed gypsum samplings (and their chemical
analyses) of huge gypsum deposits from Sulaiman foldbelt is a base for
industrialist and also planers to develop cement and gypsum industries to
increase export and foreign exchange for the development of area and Pakistan.
Low and high grade sedimentary iron deposits, silica sand and uranium host
rocks and their extensions in Sulaiman and Kirthar foldbelts are presented.
Anomalies of a few base metals arise as a result of geochemical exploration
carried at part of Loralai District of Balochistan. Theropod dinosaurs were
frequent in India, while Poripuchian titanosaurs (Sauropoda, Dinosauria) were
frequent in Pakistan. Besides some ichnotaxa, many bone taxa such as 1
titanosauriform, 14 titanosaurian sauropod (including one new titanosaur), and
3 theropod dinosaurs are established from Pakistan. Among these 12 titanosaur
species and 3 theropod species are named in about 10 km2 area of
Vitakri dome and 2 titanosaur species are named in about a few hundred square
meter area of Mari Bohri (Kachi Bohri) which is about 10km westward from Vitakri dome. Pakistan is a unique
country which discoverd 14 diversified titanosaurs in a short area and also in
a short period (67-66 million years ago/Ma). About 400 bones found from a few meter thick upper part of
upper shale horizon of latest Maastrichtian Vitakri Formation which is base for
titanosaur taxa. Cranial material is in low fraction (but include significant
diverse snouts), caudal vertebrae are prominent, the cervicals, dorsals and
sacrals have significant numbers, forelimb and hind limb bones have balanced
fraction. Humeri, femora and tibiae are most common. To know the position of
Pakistani titanosaurs among titanosaurs and
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Wilson, J.A., Malkani, M.S. and Gingerich, P.D. (2005) A Sauropod Braincase from the Pab Formation (Upper Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) of Balochistan, Pakistan. Gondwana Geological Magazine, 8, 101-109.
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Malkani, M.S. (2006) First Rostrum of Carnivorous Vitakridrinda (Abelisaurids Theropod Dinosaur) Found from the Latest Cretaceous Dinosaur Beds (Vitakri) Member of Pab Formation, Alam Kali Kakor of Vitakri Area, Barkhan District, Balochistan, Pakistan. Sindh University Research Journal (Science Series), 38, 5-24.
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Malkani, M.S. (2020) Pakisaurus balochistani (Poripuchia, Slender Titanosauria, Sauropoda) Associated Skeletons from the Latest Maastrichtian Vitakri Formation of Pakistan and Referred Fossils from India; Filling of Significant Missing Links of Isisaurus colberti (Poripuchia, Slender Titanosauria, Sauropoda) Found from Pakistan. Open Journal of Geology, 10, 408-447. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2020.104019
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Malkani, M.S. (2020) Theropods, Mesoeucrocodiles and Pterosaurs Found from the Latest Maastrichtian Vitakri Formation of Balochistan, Pakistan; Description with Large Photographs and Comparison with Coeval Taxa from Indo-Pakistan Subcontinent. Open Journal of Geology, 10, 510-551. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2020.105023
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Malkani, M.S. (2021) Jurassic-Cretaceous and Cretaceous-Paleogene Transitions and Mesozoic Vertebrates from Pakistan. Open Journal of Geology, 11, 275-318. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2021.118016
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Malkani, M.S. (2022) Plates Boundary and Structural Geology of Balochistan and Indus Basins through Field Observations on Chaman Transform Fault and Western Indus Suture (Pakistan): Dinosaurs from Pakistan with Attributed Bones and Key Features: Titanosaurs from India with Updated Assessment on Jainosaurus. Open Journal of Geology, 12, 1032-1079. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2022.1211049
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