We propose that the QCD vacuum pion tetrahedron condensate density vary in space and drops to extremely low values in the Kennan, Barger and Cowie (KBC) void in analogy to earth’s atmospheric density drop with elevation from earth. We propose a formula for the gravitation acceleration based on the non-uniform pion tetrahedron condensate. Gravity may be due to the underlying microscopic attraction between quarks and antiquarks, which are part of the vacuum pion tetrahedron condensate. We propose an electron tetrahedron model, where electrons are comprised of tetraquark tetrahedrons, and . The quarks determine the negative electron charge and the or quarks determine the electron two spin states. The electron tetrahedron may perform a high frequency quark exchange reactions with the pion tetrahedron condensate by tunneling through the condensation gap creating a delocalized electron cloud with a fixed spin. The pion tetrahedron may act as a QCD glue bonding electron pairs in atoms and molecules and protons to neutrons in the nuclei. Conservation of valence quarks and antiquarks is proposed.
References
[1]
Keenan, R.C., Barger, A.J. and Cowie, L.L. (2013) Evidence for A~300 Megaparsec Scale Under-Density in the Local Galaxy Distribution. The Astrophysical Journal, 775, 62. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/775/1/62
[2]
Banik, I. (2023) Do We Live in a Giant Void? It Could Solve the Puzzle of the Universe’s Expansion. https://theconversation.com/do-we-live-in-a-giant-void-it-could-solve-the-puzzle-of-the-universes-expansion-216687#:~:text=When we measure the expansion,area with below average density
[3]
Mazurenko, S., Banik, I., Kroupa, P. and Haslbauer, M. (2023) A Simultaneous Solution to the Hubble Tension and Observed Bulk Flow within 250 H−1 Mpc. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 527, 4388-4396. https://arxiv.org/abs/2311.17988 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stad3357
[4]
Brodsky, S.B. and Shrock, R. (2008) On Condensates in Strongly Coupled Gauge Theories. https://arxiv.org/abs/0803.2541
[5]
Brodsky, S.B., Roberts, C.D., Shrock, R. and Tandy, P.C. (2010) Essence of the Vacuum Quark Condensate. https://arxiv.org/abs/1005.4610
[6]
Lee, T. (2012) Vacuum Quark Condensate, Chiral Lagrangian, and Bose-Einstein Statistics. Physics Letters B, 713, 270-272. https://arxiv.org/abs/1206.1637 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2012.06.014
[7]
Halle, A., Zhao, H. and Li, B. (2008) Perturbations in a Non-Uniform Dark Energy Fluid: Equations Reveal Effects of Modified Gravity and Dark Matter. https://arxiv.org/abs/0711.0958
[8]
Buballa, M. and Carignano, S. (2014) Inhomogeneous Chiral Condensates. https://arxiv.org/abs/1406.1367
[9]
Rom, R. (2023) The Quantum Chromodynamics Gas Density Drop and the General Theory of Relativity Ether. Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology, 9, 445-454. https://doi.org/10.4236/jhepgc.2023.92032 https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation.aspx?paperid=124153
[10]
Rom, R. (2024) The Pionic Deuterium and the Pion Tetrahedron Vacuum Polarization. Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology, 10, 329-345. https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation?paperid=130928 https://doi.org/10.4236/jhepgc.2024.101024
[11]
Haslbauer, M., Banik, I. and Kroupa, P. (2020) The KBC Void and Hubble Tension Contradict ΛCDM on a Gpc Scale—Milgromian Dynamics as a Possible Solution. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 499, 2845-2883. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344373423_the_kbc_void_and_hubble_tension_contradict_lambdacdm_on_a_gpc_scale_-_milgromian_dynamics_as_a_possible_solution https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa2348
[12]
Milgrom, M. (1983) A Modification of the Newtonian Dynamics as a Possible Alternative to the Hidden Mass Hypothesis. The Astrophysical Journal, 270, 365-370. https://doi.org/10.1086/161130
[13]
Milgrom, M. (1983) A Modification of the Newtonian Dynamics—Implications for Galaxies. The Astrophysical Journal, 270, 371-383. https://doi.org/10.1086/161131
[14]
Milgrom, M. (1983) A Modification of the Newtonian Dynamics: Implications for Galaxy Systems. Astrophysical Journal, 270, 384-389. https://doi.org/10.1086/161132
[15]
Milgrom, M. (2014) The MOND Paradigm of Modified Dynamics. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/the_mond_paradigm_of_modified_dynamics https://doi.org/10.4249/scholarpedia.31410
[16]
Kroupa, P., et al. (2023) The Many Tensions with Dark-Matter Based Models and Implications on the Nature of the Universe. https://arxiv.org/abs/2309.11552 https://doi.org/10.22323/1.436.0231
[17]
Rom, R. (2023) Matter Reactors.Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology, 9, 455-460. https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation.aspx?paperid=124154
[18]
Rom, R. (2023) The Principal Role of Antimatter. Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology, 9, 461-466. https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation.aspx?paperid=124156
[19]
Rom, R. (2023) The Black Hole Spray and the Cosmic Web. Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology, 9, 519-523. https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation.aspx?paperid=124288
[20]
Rom, R. (2023) The QCD Ground State Chiral Tetrahedron Symmetry. Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology, 9, 1161-1180. https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation.aspx?paperid=128344 https://doi.org/10.4236/jhepgc.2023.94082
[21]
Sinha, K.P., Sivaram, C. and Sudarsham, E. (1976) Aether as a Superfluid State of Particle-Antiparticle Pairs. https://web2.ph.utexas.edu/~gsudama/pub/1976_001.pdf
Pospelov, M. and Ritz, A. (2005) Electric Dipole Moments as Probes of New Physics. Annals of Physics, 318, 119-169. https://arxiv.org/pdf/hep-ph/0504231.pdf https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aop.2005.04.002
[24]
Czarnecki, A. and Krause, B. (1997) Neutron Electric Dipole Moment in the Standard Model: Valence Quark Contributions. https://arxiv.org/pdf/hep-ph/9704355.pdf
[25]
Deur, A., Brodsky, S.J. and De Teramond, G.F. (2019) The Spin Structure of the Nucleon. https://arxiv.org/abs/1807.05250
[26]
Dirac, P.A.M. (1928) The Quantum Theory of the Electron. https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspa.1928.0023
[27]
Orzel, C. (2018) How Does the ‘Shape’ of an Electron Limit Particle Physics? https://www.forbes.com/sites/chadorzel/2018/10/22/how-does-the-shape-of-an-electron-limit-particle-physics/?sh=32d763e1651c