Background: Diabetes education is crucial in empowering persons with Type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and their families to properly manage the condition by providing comprehensive knowledge, tools, and support. It boosts one’s belief in their ability to succeed, encourages following medical advice, and adds to the general enhancement of health. Objective: This study is to investigate the effectiveness of diabetes education in empowering individuals with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) and their families to effectively manage the condition. Furthermore, it strives to improve nursing care for families whose children have been diagnosed with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM). Design: This research study investigates the efficacy of diabetes education in empowering individuals with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) and their families to effectively handle the condition. Materials and Methods: A systematic search was conducted between the years 2000 and 2022, utilizing the Medline and Google Scholar databases. The purpose of the search was to uncover relevant papers pertaining to diabetes education, management of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM), nurse care, and empowerment. The search focused on peer-reviewed research, clinical trials, and scholarly articles that evaluated the efficacy of diabetes education in empowering individuals and families. Results: Diabetes education is crucial for understanding and controlling T1DM. It includes personalized sessions, webinars, group classes, and clinics that provide customized therapies. Comprehensive education enhances glycemic control and family dynamics. Nevertheless, the implementation of diabetes education for families requires specific standards, especially in the field of nursing. Conclusion: Diabetes education is essential for effectively managing Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM), providing patients and families with crucial knowledge, resources, and confidence. It encourages independence in-home care and provides explicit guidelines for diabetic nurses to improve nursing care.
References
[1]
American Diabetes Association (2010) Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes: 2010. Diabetes Care, 33, S11-S61. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc10-S011
[2]
Liu, J., Ren, Z.H., Qiang, H., Wu, J., Shen, M., Zhang, L. and Lyu, J. (2020) Trends in the Incidence of Diabetes Mellitus: Results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 and Implications for Diabetes Mellitus Prevention. BMC Public Health, 20, Article No. 1415. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09502-x
[3]
Yu, X., Kong, X., Cao, Z., Chen, Z., Zhang, L. and Yu, B. (2022) Social Support and Family Functioning during Adolescence: A Two-Wave Cross-Lagged Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19, Article No. 6327. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19106327
[4]
Tareen, R.S. and Tareen, K. (2017) Psychosocial Aspects of Diabetes Management: Dilemma of Diabetes Distress. Translational Pediatrics, 6, 383-396. https://doi.org/10.21037/tp.2017.10.04
[5]
Gandhi, K., Vu, B.K., Eshtehardi, S.S., Wasserman, R.M. and Hilliard, M.E. (2015) Adherence in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes: Strategies and Considerations for Assessment in Research and Practice. Diabetes Management (London, England), 5, 485-498. https://doi.org/10.2217/dmt.15.41
[6]
Smith, M.B., Albanese-O’Neill, A., Yao, Y., Wilkie, D.J., Haller, M.J. and Keenan, G.M. (2021) Feasibility of the Web-Based Intervention Designed to Educate and Improve Adherence through Learning to Use Continuous Glucose Monitor (IDEAL CGM) Training and Follow-Up Support Intervention: Randomized Controlled Pilot Study. JMIR Diabetes, 6, E15410. https://doi.org/10.2196/15410
[7]
SchlÜTer, S., Freckmann, G., Heinemann, L., Wintergerst, P. and Lange, K. (2021) Evaluation of the SPECTRUM Training Programme for Real-Time Continuous Glucose Monitoring: A Real-World Multicentre Prospective Study in 120 Adults with Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetic Medicine, 38, E14467. https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.14467
[8]
Bergenstal, R.M., Nimri, R., Beck, R.W., Criego, A., Laffel, L., Schatz, D. and Phillip, M. (2021) A Comparison of Two Hybrid Closed-Loop Systems in Adolescents and Young Adults with Type 1 Diabetes (FLAIR): A Multicentre, Randomised, Crossover Trial. The Lancet, 397, 208-219. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32514-9
[9]
Sunni, M., Kyllo, J., Brunzell, C., Majcozak, J., Osman, M., Dhunkal, A.M. and Moran, A. (2023) A Picture Is Worth a Thousand Words: A Culturally-Tailored Video-Based Approach to Diabetes Education in Somali Families of Children with Type 1 Diabetes. Journal of Clinical & Translational Endocrinology, 31, Article ID: 100313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcte.2023.100313
[10]
Gregory, J.W., Cameron, F.J., Joshi, K., Eiswirth, M., Garrett, C., Garvey, K. and Codner, E. (2022) ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2022: Diabetes in Adolescence. Pediatric Diabetes, 23, 857-871. https://doi.org/10.1111/pedi.13408
[11]
Mopa, J.D.R. (2020) Diabetes Education Course on Plasma Glucose, Urea, Creatinine, Uric Acid at Central Hospital of Country. Journal of Current Diabetes Reports, 1, 1-4.
[12]
Neyra Marklund, I., Rullander, A.C., Lindberg, K. and RingnÉR, A. (2022) Initial Education for Families with Children Diagnosed with Type 1 Diabetes: Consensus from Experts in a Delphi Study. Comprehensive Child and Adolescent Nursing, 45, 310-319. https://doi.org/10.1080/24694193.2022.2033351
[13]
Cristello Sarteau, A., Crandell, J., Seid, M., Kichler, J.C., Maahs, D.M., Wang, J. and Mayer-Davis, E. (2020) Characterization of Youth Goal Setting in the Self-Management of Type 1 Diabetes and Associations with HbA1c: The Flexible Lifestyle Empowering Change Trial. Pediatric Diabetes, 21, 1343-1352. https://doi.org/10.1111/pedi.13099
[14]
Pihoker, C., Forsander, G., Fantahun, B., Virmani, A., Corathers, S., Benitez-Aguirre, P. and Maahs, D.M. (2018) ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2018: The Delivery of Ambulatory Diabetes Care to Children and Adolescents with Diabetes. Pediatric Diabetes, 19, 84-104. https://doi.org/10.1111/pedi.12757
[15]
Barry-Menkhaus, S.A., Koskela, N., Wagner, D.V., Burch, R. and Harris, M.A. (2020) System Overload: Interventions That Target the Multiple Systems in Which Youth with Type 1 Diabetes Live. In: Delamater, A.M. and Marrero, D.G., Eds., Behavioral Diabetes: Social Ecological Perspectives for Pediatric and Adult Populations, Springer, Berlin, 139-152. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33286-0_11
[16]
Fleming, G.A., Petrie, J.R., Bergenstal, R.M., Holl, R.W., Peters, A.L. and Heinemann, L. (2020) Diabetes Digital App Technology: Benefits, Challenges, and Recommendations. A Consensus Report by the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) and the American Diabetes Association (ADA) Diabetes Technology Working Group. Diabetes Care, 43, 250-260. https://doi.org/10.2337/dci19-0062
[17]
Bechara, G.M., Castelo Branco, F., Rodrigues, A.L., Chinnici, D., Chaney, D., Calliari, L.E.P. and Franco, D.R. (2018) “KiDS and Diabetes in Schools” Project: Experience with an International Educational Intervention among Parents and School Professionals. Pediatric Diabetes, 19, 756-760. https://doi.org/10.1111/pedi.12647
[18]
Kise, S.S., Hopkins, A. and Burke, S. (2017) Improving School Experiences for Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes. Journal of School Health, 87, 363-375. https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.12507
[19]
Eriksen, T.M., Gaulke, A., Thingholm, P.R., Svensson, J. and Skipper, N. (2020) Association of Type 1 Diabetes and School Wellbeing: A Population-Based Cohort Study of 436,439 Danish Schoolchildren. Diabetologia, 63, 2339-2348. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-020-05251-z
[20]
Pemberton, J.S., Kershaw, M., Dias, R., Idkowiak, J., Mohamed, Z., Saraff, V. and Uday, S. (2021) DYNAMIC: Dynamic Glucose Management Strategies Delivered through a Structured Education Program Improves Time in Range in a Socioeconomically Deprived Cohort of Children and Young People with Type 1 Diabetes with a History of Hypoglycemia. Pediatric Diabetes, 22, 249-260. https://doi.org/10.1111/pedi.13155
[21]
Shukla, R., Gupta, M., Yagnik, D., Agarwal, N., Shukla, S., Ganguli, B. and Bajpai, A. (2022) A Novel Diabetes Education Program to Improve Diabetes Knowledge, Aware-Ness and Glycemic Control. Indian Journal of Clinical Practice, 33, 19-24.
[22]
Varni, J.W., Delamater, A.M., Hood, K.K., Driscoll, K.A., Wong, J.C., Adi, S. and Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory 3.2 Diabetes Module Testing Study Consortium (2018) Diabetes Management Mediating Effects between Diabetes Symptoms and Health-Related Quality of Life in Adolescents and Young Adults with Type 1 Diabetes. Pediatric Diabetes, 19, 1322-1330. https://doi.org/10.1111/pedi.12713
[23]
Dickinson, J.K., Burke, S.D. and Traficano, S. (2021) From Diabetes Educators to Diabetes Care and Education Specialists: Time for Change. ADCES in Practice, 9, 52-55. https://doi.org/10.1177/2633559X211029960
[24]
Jain, S.R., Sui, Y., Ng, C.H., Chen, Z.X., Goh, L.H. and Shorey, S. (2020) Patients’ and Healthcare Professionals’ Perspectives towards Technology-Assisted Diabetes Self-Management Education. A Qualitative Systematic Review. PLOS ONE, 15, E0237647. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237647
[25]
Predieri, B., Leo, F., Candia, F., Lucaccioni, L., Madeo, S.F., Pugliese, M. and Iughetti, L. (2020) Glycemic Control Improvement in Italian Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Followed through Telemedicine during Lockdown Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 11, Article ID: 595735. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2020.595735
[26]
Dos Santos, T.J., Rodrigues, T.C., Puñales, M., Arrais, R.F. and Kopacek, C. (2021) Newest Diabetes-Related Technologies for Pediatric Type 1 Diabetes and Its Impact on Routine Care: A Narrative Synthesis of the Literature. Current Pediatrics Reports, 9, 142-153. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40124-021-00248-7
[27]
Desrochers, H.R., Schultz, A.T. and Laffel, L.M. (2020) Use of Diabetes Technology in Children: Role of Structured Education for Young People with Diabetes and Families. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics, 49, 19-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecl.2019.11.001
[28]
Powers, M.A., Bardsley, J.K., Cypress, M., Funnell, M.M., Harms, D., Hess-Fischl, A. and Uelmen, S. (2020) Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: A Consensus Report of the American Diabetes Association, the Association of Diabetes Care & Education Specialists, the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, the American Academy of Family Physicians, the American Academy of PAs, the American Association of Nurse Practitioners, and the American Pharmacists Association. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association, 60, E1-E18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japh.2020.04.018
[29]
Juarez, L.D., Presley, C.A., Howell, C.R., Agne, A.A. and Cherrington, A.L. (2022) The Mediating Role of Self-Efficacy in the Association between Diabetes Education and Support and Self-Care Management. Health Education & Behavior, 49, 689-696. https://doi.org/10.1177/10901981211008819
[30]
Clarke, A.B., Ahsan, H., Harrington, J. and Mahmud, F.H. (2020) Assessing Allied Health-Care Professional Time in Pediatric Type 1 Diabetes: Associations with Clinical Factors, Technology and Social Determinants. Canadian Journal of Diabetes, 44, 387-393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcjd.2019.11.004
[31]
American Diabetes Association (2018) 12. Children and Adolescents: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2018. Diabetes Care, 41, S126-S136. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc18-S012
[32]
Lawson, S., Redel, J.M., Smego, A., Gulla, M., Schoettker, P.J., Jolly, M. and Hornung, L. (2020) Assessment of a Day Hospital Management Program for Children with Type 1 Diabetes. JAMA Network Open, 3, E200347. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.0347
[33]
Clapin, H., Hop, L., Ritchie, E., Jayabalan, R., Evans, M., Browne-Cooper, K. and Davis, E.A. (2017) Home-Based vs Inpatient Education for Children Newly Diagnosed with Type 1 Diabetes. Pediatric Diabetes, 18, 579-587. https://doi.org/10.1111/pedi.12466
[34]
Litchfield, I., Andrews, R.C., Narendran, P. and Greenfield, S. (2019) Patient and Healthcare Professionals Perspectives on the Delivery of Exercise Education for Patients with Type 1 Diabetes. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 10, Article No. 76. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2019.00076
[35]
Sparapani, V.D.C., Fels, S., Kamal, N., Ortiz La Banca, R. and Nascimento, L.C. (2022) A Video Game for Brazilian T1D Children about Knowledge of Disease and Self-Care: A Methodological Study. Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology, 16, 1444-1450. https://doi.org/10.1177/19322968211017555
[36]
Greenwood, D.A., Litchman, M.L., Isaacs, D., Blanchette, J.E., Dickinson, J.K., Hughes, A. and Peeples, M.M. (2022) A New Taxonomy for Technology-Enabled Diabetes Self-Management Interventions: Results of an Umbrella Review. Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology, 16, 812-824. https://doi.org/10.1177/19322968211036430
[37]
Davis, J., Fischl, A.H., Beck, J., Browning, L., Carter, A., Condon, J.E. and Villa-Lobos, S. (2022) 2022 National Standards for Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support. The Science of Diabetes Self-Management and Care, 48, 44-59. https://doi.org/10.1177/26350106211072203
[38]
Helgeson, V.S., Vaughn, A.K., Seltman, H., Orchard, T., Libman, I. and Becker, D. (2018) Featured Article: Trajectories of Glycemic Control over Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: An 11-Year Longitudinal Study of Youth with Type 1 Diabetes. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 43, 8-18. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsx083
[39]
Rostaminasab, S., Nematollahi, M., Jahani, Y. and Mehdipourrabori, R. (2023) The Effect of Family-Centered Empowerment Model on Burden of Care in Parents and Blood Glucose Level of Children with Type I Diabetes Family Empowerment on Burden of Care and HbA1C. BMC Nursing, 22, Article No. 214. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-023-01375-w
[40]
Sørensen, M., Groven, K.S., Gjelsvik, B., Almendingen, K. and Garnweidnerholme, L. (2020) The Roles of Healthcare Professionals in Diabetes Care: A Qualitative Study in Norwegian General Practice. Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care, 38, 12-23. https://doi.org/10.1080/02813432.2020.1714145
[41]
Romero-Castillo, R., PabÓN-Carrasco, M., JimÉNez-PicÓN, N. and Ponce-BlandÓN, J.A. (2022) Effects of Nursing Diabetes Self-Management Education on Glycemic Control and Self-Care in Type 1 Diabetes: Study Protocol. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19, Article No. 5079. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095079
[42]
Carmienke, S., Fink, A., Baumert, J., Heidemann, C., Du, Y., Frese, T. and Heise, M. (2022) Participation in Structured Diabetes Self-Management Education Programs and Its Associations with Self-Management Behaviour—A Nationwide Population-Based Study. Patient Education and Counseling, 105, 843-850. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2021.07.017
[43]
Olson, J.L., White, B., Mitchell, H., Halliday, J., Skinner, T., Schofield, D. and Watson, N. (2022) The Design of an Evaluation Framework for Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support Programs Delivered Nationally. BMC Health Services Research, 22, Article No. 46. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-021-07374-4
[44]
Fain, J.A. (2019) Embracing a New Vision for Diabetes Education and Diabetes Educators. The Diabetes Educator, 45, 331-332. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145721719859482
[45]
Jiang, X., Wang, J., Lu, Y., Jiang, H. and Li, M. (2019) Self-Efficacy-Focused Education in Persons with Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 12, 67-79. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S192571
[46]
Slater, A., Cantero, P.J., Alvarez, G., Cervantes, B.S., Bracho, A. and Billimek, J. (2022) Latino Health Access: Comparative Effectiveness of a Community-Initiated Promotor/A-Led Diabetes Self-Management Education Program. Family & Community Health, 45, 34-45. https://doi.org/10.1097/FCH.0000000000000311
