Introduction: Zinc was a trace element of great importance in the oral cavity. It was naturally present in various places such as dental plaque, dental hard tissues and saliva. Main Goal: our work was to highlight the importance of zinc in maintaining optimal oral health. Materials and methods: The research was carried out with computerized databases Pubmed, ScienceDirect, and Google scholar and manual search from previously identified references. Relevant articles were identified after reading their titles, abstracts or reading the entire document. Results: 19 articles were retained after eliminating articles that did not meet our objectives or had irrelevant content. Discussion: Zinc was of great importance in dental protection during the demineralization process and was used in the prevention and treatment of various oral pathologies. It had antibacterial effects allowing it to control the formation of plaque. In mouthwashes and toothpastes, zinc salts were part of several compositions leading to different effects, including the neutralization of bad breath, antiseptic and anti-inflammatory effects. Conclusion: Zinc has been shown to be effective against common oral health problems such as tooth decay, gingivitis, periodontitis and unpleasant odours. However, further research studies are required to determine the effect of zinc supplementation in the treatment of oral diseases.
References
[1]
Rahman, M.T., Hossain, A., Pin, C.H. and Yahya, N.A. (2018) Zinc and Metal-lothionein in the Development and Progression of Dental Caries. Biological Trace Element Research, 187, 51-58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-018-1369-z
[2]
Lynch, R.J.M. (2011) Zinc in the Mouth, Its Interactions with Dental Enamel and Possible Effects on Caries; a Review of the Literature. International Dental Journal, 61, 46-54. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1875-595x.2011.00049.x
[3]
Mohammed, N.R., Mneimne, M., Hill, R.G., Al-Jawad, M., Lynch, R.J.M. and Anderson, P. (2014) Physical Chemical Effects of Zinc on in Vitro Enamel Demineralization. Journal of Dentistry, 42, 1096-1104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2014.04.014
[4]
Tayyaba, F., Zubaidah Binti, H.A.R., Chai, W. and Zeeshan, Q. (2016) Zinc: A Precious Trace Element for Oral Health Care? Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 66, 1019-1023.
[5]
Osorio, R., Osorio, E., Cabello, I. and Toledano, M. (2014) Zinc Induces Apatite and Scholzite Formation during Dentin Remineralization. Caries Research, 48, 276-290. https://doi.org/10.1159/000356873
[6]
Saad, A., Nikaido, T., Abdou, A., Matin, K., Burrow, M.F. and Tagami, J. (2019) Inhibitory Effect of Zinc-Containing Desensitizer on Bacterial Biofilm Formation and Root Dentin Demineralization. Dental Materials Journal, 38, 940-946. https://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2018-352
[7]
Kang, J., Jang, Y., Kim, D. and Park, J. (2015) Antimicrobial Effectiveness of Cetylpyridinium Chloride and Zinc Chlo-ride-Containing Mouthrinses on Bacteria of Halitosis and Peri-Implant Disease. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants, 30, 1341-1347. https://doi.org/10.11607/jomi.3824
[8]
Cosola, S., Marconcini, S., Giammarinaro, E., Marchisio, O., et al. (2017) Antimicrobial Efficacy of Mouthwashes Containing Zinc-Substituted Nanohydroxyapatite and Zinc L-Pyrrolidone Carboxylate on Su-ture Threads after Surgical Procedures. Journal of Oral Science & Rehabilitation, 3, 24-30.
[9]
Doi, H., Fujiwara, M., Suzuki, H., Niwa, Y., Nakayama, M., Shikata, T., et al. (2014) Polaprezinc Reduces the Severity of Radiation-Induced Mucositis in Head and Neck Cancer Patients. Molecular and Clinical Oncology, 3, 381-386. https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2014.479
[10]
Mehdipour, M., Taghavi Zenooz, A., Sohrabi, A., Gholizadeh, N., Bahramian, A. and Jamali, Z. (2016) A Comparison of the Effect of Triamcinolone Ointment and Mouthwash with or without Zinc on the Healing Process of Aphthous Stomatitis Lesions. Journal of Dental Research, Dental Clinics, Dental Prospects, 10, 87-91. https://doi.org/10.15171/joddd.2016.014
[11]
Pizzey, R.L., Marquis, R.E. and Bradshaw, D.J. (2011) Antimicrobial Effects of O-Cymen-5-Ol and Zinc, Alone & in Combination in Simple Solutions and Toothpaste Formulations. International Dental Journal, 61, 33-40. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1875-595x.2011.00047.x
[12]
Gul, H., Nayyer, M., Gi-lani, M., Aman, N., Azad, A.A., Shah, A.T., et al. (2020) Comparative Fluoride Release and Antimicrobial Analysis of Commercial and Experimental Bioactive Glass/Nano-Oxide-Based Dentifrices. European Journal of Dentistry, 14, 38-44. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1701292
[13]
Prasad, K.V., Therathil, S.G., Ag-nihotri, A., Sreenivasan, P.K., Mateo, L.R. and Cummins, D. (2018) The Effects of Two New Dual Zinc plus Arginine Dentifrices in Reducing Oral Bacteria in Multiple Locations in the Mouth: 12-Hour Whole Mouth Antibacterial Protection for Whole Mouth Health. Journal of Clinical Dentistry, 29, A25-A32.
[14]
Nandlal, B., Sreenivasan, P.K., Shashikumar, P., Devishree, G. and Bettahalli Shivamallu, A. (2021) A Randomized Clinical Study to Examine the Oral Hygiene Efficacy of a Novel Herbal Toothpaste with Zinc over a 6-Month Period. International Journal of Dental Hygiene, 19, 440-449. https://doi.org/10.1111/idh.12505
[15]
Sreenivasan, P.K., K.V.V, P., Sharda, S. and Pothamsetty, Y. (2021) Reductions in Clinical In-flammation and Oral Neutrophils with Improving Oral Hygiene. Clinical Oral In-vestigations, 25, 5785-5793. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-021-03881-0
[16]
Uwitonze, A.M., Ojeh, N., Murererehe, J., Atfi, A. and Razzaque, M.S. (2020) Zinc Adequacy Is Essential for the Maintenance of Optimal Oral Health. Nutrients, 12, Article No. 949. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12040949
[17]
Rajendiran, M., Trivedi, H.M., Chen, D., Gajendrareddy, P. and Chen, L. (2021) Recent Development of Active Ingredients in Mouthwashes and Toothpastes for Periodontal Diseases. Molecules, 26, Article No. 2001. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26072001
[18]
Chaitanya, N., Chin-tada, S., Kandi, P., Kanikella, S., Kammari, A. and Waghamare, R. (2019) Zinc Therapy in Treatment of Symptomatic Oral Lichen Planus. Indian Dermatology Online Journal, 10, 174-177. https://doi.org/10.4103/idoj.idoj_230_18
[19]
Fujii, H., Hirose, C., Ishihara, M., Iihara, H., Imai, H., Tanaka, Y., et al. (2018) Im-provement of Dysgeusia by Polaprezinc, a Zinc-L-Carnosine, in Outpatients Re-ceiving Cancer Chemotherapy. Anticancer Research, 38, 6367-6373. https://doi.org/10.21873/anticanres.12995
[20]
Huang, L., Drake, V.J. and Ho, E. (2015) Zinc. Advances in Nutrition, 6, 224-226. https://doi.org/10.3945/an.114.006874
[21]
Roohani, N., Hurrell, R., Kelishadi, R. and Schulin, R. (2013) Zinc and Its Importance for Human Health: An Integrative Review. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 18, 144-157.
[22]
Chasapis, C.T., Loutsidou, A.C., Spiliopoulou, C.A. and Stefanidou, M.E. (2011) Zinc and Human Health: An Update. Archives of Toxicology, 86, 521-534. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-011-0775-1
[23]
Farid, H., Khan, M., Jamal, S. and Ghafoor, R. (2021) Oral Manifestations of Covid-19—A Literature Review. Re-views in Medical Virology, 32, e2248. https://doi.org/10.1002/rmv.2248
[24]
Joachimiak, M.P. (2021) Zinc against COVID-19? Symptom Surveillance and Deficiency Risk Groups. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 15, e0008895. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008895
[25]
Eduardo, F.d.P., Corrêa, L., Heller, D., Daep, C.A., Benitez, C., Malheiros, Z., et al. (2021) Salivary Sars-COV-2 Load Reduction with Mouthwash Use: A Randomized Pilot Clinical Trial. Heliyon, 7, e07346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07346
[26]
Skjörland, K., Gjermo, P. and Rölla, G. (1978) Effect of Some Polyvalent Cations on Plaque Formation in Vivo. European Journal of Oral Sciences, 86, 103-107. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0722.1978.tb00614.x
[27]
Hall, P.J., Green, A.K., Horay, C.P., de Brabander, S., Beasley, T.J., Cromwell, V.J., et al. (2003) Plaque Antibacterial Levels Following Controlled Food Intake and Use of a Toothpaste Containing 2% Zinc Citrate and 0.3% Triclosan. International Dental Journal, 53, 379-384. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1875-595x.2003.tb00913.x
[28]
LeGeros, R., Bleiwas, C., Retino, M., Rohanizadeh, R. and Legeros, J. (1999) Zinc Effect on the in Vitro Formation of Calcium Phosphates: Relevance to Clinical Inhibition of Calculus Formation. American Journal of Dentistry, 12, 65-71.
[29]
Rose, R.K. (1996) Competitive Binding of Calcium, Magnesium and Zinc to Streptococcus sanguis and Purified S. sanguis Cell Walls. Caries Research, 30, 71-75. https://doi.org/10.1159/000262139
[30]
Mayer, I. and Featherstone, J.D.B. (2000) Dissolution Studies of Zn-Containing Carbonated Hydroxyapatites. Journal of Crystal Growth, 219, 98-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-0248(00)00608-4
[31]
Takatsuka, T., Tanaka, K. and Iijima, Y. (2005) Inhibition of Dentine Demineralization by Zinc Oxide: In Vitro and in Situ Studies. Dental Materials, 21, 1170-1177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2005.02.006
[32]
Sreenivasan, P.K., Furgang, D., Markowitz, K., Mckiernan, M., Tischio-Bereski, D., Devizio, W., et al. (2008) Clinical Anti-Microbial Efficacy of a New Zinc Citrate Dentifrice. Clinical Oral Investigations, 13, 195-202. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-008-0227-3
[33]
Gilbert, R.J. and Ingram, G.S. (1988) The Oral Disposition of Zinc Following the Use of an Anticalculus Tooth-paste Containing 0.5% Zinc Citrate. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 40, 399-402. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7158.1988.tb06303.x
[34]
Adams, S.E., Lloyd, A.M., Naeeni, M.A., Cooper, Y.L. and Holt, J.S. (2003) The Effect of a Toothpaste Containing 2% Zinc Citrate/0.3% Triclosan on the Glycolysis of Plaque Bacteria Ex Vivo after Food Intake. International Dental Journal, 53, 391-397. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1875-595x.2003.tb00915.x
[35]
Lobene, R.R., Soparkar, P.M., Newman, M.B. and Kohut, B.E. (1987) Reduced Formation of Supragingival Calculus with Use of Fluoride-Zinc Chloride Dentifrice. The Journal of the Amer-ican Dental Association, 114, 350-352. https://doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.1987.0068
[36]
Moran, J., Addy, M., Corry, D., Newcombe, R.G. and Haywood, J. (2001) A Study to Assess the Plaque Inhib-itory Action of a New Zinc Citrate Toothpaste Formulation: Zinc Citrate Toothpaste and Plaque. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 28, 157-161. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-051x.2001.028002157.x
[37]
Schaeken, M.J.M., van der Hoeven, J.S., Saxton, C.A. and Cummins, D. (1994) The Effect of Mouthrinses Containing Zinc and Triclosan on Plaque Accumulation and Devel-opment of Gingivitis in a 3-Week Clinical Test. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 21, 360-364. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051x.1994.tb00727.x
[38]
Charles, C.H., Cronin, M.J., Conforti, N.J., Dembling, W.Z., Petrone, D.M. and Mcguire, J.A. (2001) Anticalculus Efficacy of an Antiseptic Mouthrinse Containing Zinc Chloride. The Journal of the American Dental Association, 132, 94-98. https://doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.2001.0033
[39]
Thrane, P.S., Young, A., Jonski, G. and Rölla, G. (2007) A New Mouthrinse Combining Zinc and Chlor-hexidine in Low Concentrations Provides Superior Efficacy against Halitosis Compared to Existing Formulations: A Double-Blind Clinical Study. Journal of Clinical Dentistry, 18, 82-86.
[40]
Orbak, R., Kara, C., Özbek, E., Tezel, A. and Demir, T. (2006) Effects of Zinc Deficiency on Oral and Periodontal Diseases in Rats. Journal of Periodontal Research, 42, 138-143. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0765.2006.00939.x
[41]
Ido, T., Kumakiri, M., Kiyohara, T., Sawai, T. and Hasegawa, Y. (2002) Oral Lichen Planus Due to Zinc in Dental Restorations. Contact Dermatitis, 47, 51. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0536.2002.470113.x
[42]
Kinomoto, T., Sawada, M., Ohnishi, Y., Yamaguchi, T., Tsuge, S., Ogawa, S., et al. (2010) Effects of Po-laprezinc on Morphological Change of the Tongue in Zinc-Deficient Rats: Effects of Polaprezine on Zinc-Deficient Rats. Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine, 39, 617-623. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0714.2010.00926.x
[43]
Cho, G.S., Han, M.W., Lee, B., Roh, J., Choi, S., Cho, K., et al. (2010) Zinc Deficiency May Be a Cause of Burning Mouth Syndrome as Zinc Replacement Therapy Has Therapeutic Effects: Zinc Deficiency and BMS. Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine, 39, 722-727. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0714.2010.00914.x
[44]
Alves, M.J., Grenho, L., Lopes, C., Borges, J., Vaz, F., Vaz, I.P., et al. (2018) Antibacterial Effect and Biocompatibility of a Novel Nanostructured Zno-Coated Gutta-Percha Cone for Improved Endodontic Treatment. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 92, 840-848. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2018.07.045
[45]
Kasraei, S., Sami, L., Hendi, S., AliKhani, M., Rezaei-Soufi, L. and Khamverdi, Z. (2014) Antibacterial Properties of Composite Resins Incorporating Silver and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus. Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics, 39, 109-114. https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2014.39.2.109
[46]
Vanajassun, P., Nivedhitha, M., Nishad, N. and Soman, D. (2014) Effects of Zinc Oxide Nanopar-ticles in Combination with Conventional Glass Ionomer Cement: In Vitro Study. Advances in Human Biology, 4, 31-36.
[47]
Behroozian, A., Kachoei, M., Khatamian, M. and Divband, B. (2016) The Effect of ZnO Nanoparticle Coating on the Frictional Resistance between Orthodontic Wires and Ceramic Brackets. Journal of Dental Research, Dental Clinics, Dental Prospects, 10, 106-111. https://doi.org/10.15171/joddd.2016.017
[48]
Li, Y., Shi, X. and Li, W. (2017) Zinc-Containing Hydroxyapatite Enhances Cold-Light-Activated Tooth Bleaching Treatment in Vitro. BioMed Research International, 2017, Article ID: 6261248. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/6261248
[49]
Moradpoor, H., Safaei, M., Mozaffari, H.R., Sharifi, R., Imani, M.M., Golshah, A., et al. (2021) An Overview of Recent Progress in Dental Applications of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles. RSC Advances, 11, 21189-21206. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0ra10789a
[50]
Polyzois, G., Stefaniotis, T., Papaparaskevas, J. and Donta, C. (2011) Antimicrobial Efficacy of Denture Adhesives on Some Oral Malodor-Related Microbes. Odontology, 101, 103-107. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10266-011-0048-8
[51]
Doherty, K., Connor, M. and Cruickshank, R. (2011) Zinc-Containing Denture Adhesive: A Potential Source of Excess Zinc Resulting in Copper Deficiency Myelopathy. British Dental Journal, 210, 523-525. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.2011.428
[52]
Hill, E.E. (2007) Den-tal Cements for Definitive Luting: A Review and Practical Clinical Considerations. Dental Clinics of North America, 51, 643-658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cden.2007.04.002
[53]
Komabayashi, T., Colmenar, D., Cvach, N., Bhat, A., Primus, C. and Imai, Y. (2020) Comprehensive Review of Current Endodontic Sealers. Dental Materials Journal, 39, 703-720. https://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2019-288
[54]
Gupta, B., Singh, I., Goyal, P., Garg, S. and Gupta, S. (2019) A Clinical and Radiographic Study of Four Different Root Canal Filling Materials in Primary Molars—An in Vivo Study. Dental Journal of Advance Studies, 7, 61-65. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1692611
[55]
Watkins, J.H., Nakajima, H., Hanaoka, K., Zhao, L., Iwamoto, T. and Okabe, T. (1995) Effect of Zinc on Strength and Fatigue Resistance of Amalgam. Dental Materials, 11, 24-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/0109-5641(95)80005-0
[56]
Lobner, D. and Asrari, M. (2003) Neurotoxicity of Dental Amalgam Is Mediated by Zinc. Journal of Dental Research, 82, 243-246. https://doi.org/10.1177/154405910308200318
