This work investigates the influence of the type sludge on drainage, plant development, purification performances and biosolids quality. Drainage properties were measured through the frequency of clogging, the percentage of leachate recovered and the dryness of accumulated sludge. Plant development was measured through the density, the height and the stem diameter. Purification performance was evaluated from the reduction rate. Biosolids quality was measured after 3 months of maturation. The results show that the clogging frequencies were 9.5%; 0% and 3.7%; the volume of leachate recovered was 42.2%; 20.4% and 24.7% and, the dryness was 33.4%; 61.1% and 52.4% for FS-ST, FS-STT and SS respectively. Plants densities were about, with densities 197.1, 171.3 and 178.3 plants/m2 in beds fed respectively with FS-ST, FS-STT and SS. Despite the high removal rates, the concentrations of pollutants in the leachates are above the Senegalese standard NS 05-061 for discharge into the environment. The biosolids are all mature with C/N and
ratios lower than 12 and 1 respectively. The biosolids are also rich in organic and mineral elements. The concentrations of Ascaris eggs are higher than the WHO recommendations. These biosolids should be stored for additional time or composted.
References
[1]
Melidis, P., Gikas, G.D., Akratos, C.S. and Tsihrintzis, V.A. (2010) Dewatering of Primary Settled Urban Sludge in a Vertical Flow Wetland. Desalination, 250, 395-398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2009.09.063
[2]
Nielsen, S. (2003) Sludge Drying Reed Beds. Water Science and Technology, 48, 101-109. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0292
Nielsen, S. (2005) Sludge Reed Bed Facilities: Operation and Problems. Water Science and Technology, 51, 99-107. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0297
[5]
Koottatep, T., Surinkul, N., Polprasert, C., Kamal, A.S.M., Koné, D., Montangero, A., Heinss, U. and Strauss, M. (2005) Treatment of Septage in Constructed Wetlands in Tropical Climate: Lessons Learnt from Seven Years of Operation. Water Science and Technology, 51, 119-126. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0301
[6]
Hardej, M. and Ozimek, T. (2002) The Effect of Sewage Sludge Flooding on Growth and Morphometric Parameters of Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steudel. Ecological Engineering,18, 343-350. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-8574(01)00095-7
[7]
Vincent, J., Molle, P., Wisniewski, C. and Liénard, A. (2011) Sludge Drying Reed Beds for Septage Treatment: Towards Design and Operation Recommendations. Bioresource Technology, 102, 8327-8330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.06.019
[8]
Sonko, E.H.M., Mbéguéré, M., Diop, C., Niang, S. and Strande, L. (2014) Effect of Hydraulic Loading Frequency on Performance of Planted Drying Beds for the Treatment of Faecal Sludge. Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, 4, 633-641. https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2014.024
[9]
Nielsen, S. and Willoughby, N. (2005) Sludge Treatment and Drying Reed Bed Systems in Denmark. Water and Environment Journal,19, 296-305. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.2005.tb00566.x
[10]
Dominiak, D., Christensen, M.L., Keiding, K. and Nielsen, P.H. (2011) Sludge Quality Aspects of Full-Scale Reed Bed Drainage. Water Research,45, 6453-6460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.09.045
[11]
Strande, L. (2014) The Global Situation. In: Strande, L., Ronteltap, M. and Brdjanovic, D., Eds., Faecal Sludge Management: Systems Approach for Implementation and Operation, IWA Publishing, London, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.2166/9781780404738
[12]
Dodane, P.-H. and Bassan, M. (2014) Settling-Thickening Tanks. In: Strande, L., Ronteltap, M. and Brdjanovic, D., Eds., Faecal Sludge Management: Systems Approach for Implementation and Operation, IWA Publishing, London, 123-139.
[13]
Fytili, D. and Zabaniotou, A. (2008) Utilization of Sewage Sludge in EU Application of Old and New Methods—A Review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2, 116-140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2006.05.014
[14]
Kengne, I.M., Akoa, A., Soh, E.K., Tsama, V., Ngoutane, M.M., Dodane, P.-H. and Koné, D. (2008) Effects of Faecal Sludge Application on Growth Characteristics and Chemical Composition of Echinochloa pyramidalis (Lam.) Hitch. and Chase and Cyperus papyrus L. Ecological Engineering, 34, 233-242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2008.08.007
[15]
Eaton, A.D., Clesceri, L.S., Rice, E.W. and Greenberg, A.E. (2005) Standards Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 21st Edition, American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association and Water Environment Federation, Washington DC.
[16]
Soltner, D. (1980) Les bases de la production végétale. 9th Edition, Sciences et Techniques Agricoles, Sainte-Gemmes-sur-Loire.
[17]
Pecson, B.M., Barrios, J.A., Jiménez, B.E. and Nelson, K.L. (2007) The Effects of Temperature, pH, and Ammonia Concentration on the Inactivation of Ascaris Eggs in Sewage Sludge. Water Research, 41, 2893-2902. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2007.03.040
[18]
WHO (2006) Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater. World Health Organization, Geneva.
[19]
Moodley, P., Archer, A. and Hawksworth, D. (2008) Standard Methods for the Recovery and Enumeration of Helminth Ova in Wastewater, Sludge, Compost and Urine-Diversion Waste in South Africa. WRC Report No. TT322/08, Water Research Commission, Pretoria.
[20]
Stefanakis, A.I. and Tsihrintzis, V.A. (2011) Dewatering Mechanisms in Pilot-Scale Sludge Drying Reed Beds: Effect of Design and Operational Parameters. Chemical Engineering Journal, 172, 430-443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.05.111
[21]
Uggetti, E., Ferrer, I., Llorens, E. and García, J. (2010) Sludge Treatment Wetlands: A Review on the State of the Art. Bioresource Technology, 101, 2905-2912. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.11.102
[22]
Kopp, J. and Dichtl, N. (2000) Prediction of Full-Scale Dewatering Results by Determining the Water Distribution of Sewage Sludges. Water Science and Technology, 42, 141-149. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0191
[23]
Langergraber, G., Habert, R., Laber, J. and Pressl, A. (2003) Evaluation of Substrate Clogging Process in Vertical Flow Constructed Wetlands. Water Science and Technology, 48, 25-34. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0272
[24]
Dominiak, D., Christensen, M., Keiding, K. and Nielsen, P.H. (2011b) Gravity Drainage of Activated Sludge: New Experimental Method and Considerations of Settling Velocity, Specific Cake Resistance and Cake Compressibility. Water Research, 45, 1941-1950. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2010.12.029
[25]
Li, Y.-J., Yuan, B.-Z., Bie, Z.-L. and Kang, Y. (2012) Effect of Drip Irrigation Criteria on Yield and Quality of Muskmelon Grown in Greenhouse Conditions. Agricultural Water Management,109, 30-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2012.02.003
[26]
Kengne, I.M., Dodane, P.-H., Akoa, A. and Koné, D. (2009a) Vertical-Flow Constructed Wetlands as Sustainable Sanitation Approach for Faecal Sludge Dewatering in Developing Countries. Desalination,248, 291-297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2008.05.068
[27]
Kuffour, A.R., Awuah, E., Anyemedu, F.O.K., Strauss, M., Koné, D. and Cofie, O. (2009) Effect of Using Different Particle Sizes of Sand as Filter Media for Dewatering Faecal Sludge. Desalination, 248, 308-314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2008.05.121
[28]
Rousseau, D.P.L., Vanrolleghem, P.A. and De Pauw, N. (2004) Constructed Wetlands in Flanders: A Performance Analysis. Ecological Engineering, 23, 151-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2004.08.001
[29]
Wang, R., Korboulewsky, N., Prudent, P., Baldy, V. and Bonin, G. (2009) Can Vertical-Flow Wetland Systems Treat High Concentrated Sludge from a Food Industry? A Mesocosm Experiment Testing Three Plant Species. Ecological Engineering,35, 230-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2008.05.017
[30]
Kadlec, R.H. (2003) Pond and Wetland Treatment. Water Science and Technology, 48, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0266
[31]
Walker, M. (2008) Performances of the FSTP of Rufisque and Its Impact on the WSP Intership Report. Eawag/Sandec, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich.
[32]
Lee, C.-Y., Lee, C.-C., Lee, F.-Y., Tseng, S.-K. and Liao, C.-J. (2004) Performance of Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland Taking Pretreated Swine Effluent under Heavy Loads. Bioresource Technology, 92, 173-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2003.08.012
[33]
Paing, J. and Voisin, J. (2005) Vertical Flow Constructed Wetlands for Municipal Wastewater and Septage Treatment in French Rural Area. Water Science and Technology, 51, 145-155. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0306
[34]
Ouyang, Y., Luo, S.M. and Cui, L.H. (2011) Estimation of Nitrogen Dynamics in a Vertical-Flow Constructed Wetland. Ecological Engineering,37, 453-459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2010.11.008
[35]
Arias, C.A. and Brix, H. (2005) Phosphorus Removal in Constructed Wetlands: Can Suitable Alternative Media Be Identified? Water Science and Technology, 51, 267-273. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0335
[36]
Prochaska, C.A., Zouboulis, A.I. and Eskridge, K.M. (2007) Performance of Pilot-Scale Vertical-Flow Constructed Wetlands, as Affected by Season, Substrate, Hydraulic Load and Frequency of Application of Simulated Urban Sewage. Ecological Engineering, 31, 57-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2007.05.007
[37]
Kengne, I.M., Akoa, A. and Koné, D. (2009b) Recovery of Biosolids from Constructed Wetlands Used for Faecal Sludge Dewatering in Tropical Regions. Environmental Science and Technology, 43, 6816-6821. https://doi.org/10.1021/es803279y
[38]
Bernal, M.P., Alburquerque, J.A. and Moral, R. (2009) Composting of Animal Manures and Chemical Criteria for Compost Maturity Assessment. A Review. Bioresource Technology, 100, 5444-5453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2008.11.027
[39]
Ko, H.J., Kim, K.Y., Kim, H.T., Kim, C.N. and Umeda, M. (2008) Evaluation of Maturity Parmeters and Heavy Metal Contents in Composts Made from Animal Manure. Waste Management, 28, 813-820. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2007.05.010
[40]
Bernal, M.P., Paredes, C., Sànchez-Monedero, M.A. and Cegarra, J. (1998) Maturity and Stability Parameters of Composts Prepared with a Wide Range of Organic Wastes. Bioresource Technology, 63, 91-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(97)00084-9
[41]
Harada, Y. and Inoko, A. (1980) Relationship between Cation Exchange Capacity and Degree of Maturity of City Refuse Composts. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 26, 353-362. https://doi.org/10.1080/00380768.1980.10431220
