Abstract:The catechin Epigallocatechin-3-O-Gallate (EGCG) which is found in of Green Tea extracts (GTE), displays a variety of microbicidal properties. It is largely believed that EGCG inhibits the growth of cariogenic and periodontopathic bacteria. Objective: In this paper we compared the inhibitory activity of EGCG and a commercial GTE on the growth of Veillonellaparvula. Chlorhexidine was used as positive control. Methodology:V. parvula ATCC 10790 and a clinical isolate obtained from a periodontal disease patient were cultured in the presence of EGCG or a commercial GTE, and the measurements of bacterial growth inhibition were compared to the values obtained with 0.12 and 0.2% chlorhexidine. Results: Chlorhexidine inhibited bacterial growth, however in contrast to a previous report, neither EGCG nor the GTE showed any effect on bacterial growth. Conclusions: The data show and confirm that chlorhexidine is a growth inhibitor of V. parvula while EGCG and GTE do not display such effect.
References
[1]
Cabrera, C., Artacho, R. and Giménez, R. (2006) Beneficial Effects of Green Tea—A Review. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 25, 79-99. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2006.10719518
[2]
Vuong, Q.V., Stathopoulos, C.E., Nguyen, M.H., Golding, J.B. and Roach, P.D. (2011) Isolation of Green Tea Catechins and Their Utilization in the Food Industry. Food Reviews International, 27, 227-247. https://doi.org/10.1080/87559129.2011.563397
[3]
Yilmaz, Y. (2006) Novel Uses of Catechins in Foods. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 17, 64-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2005.10.005
[4]
Chu, C., Deng, J., Man, Y. and Qu, Y. (2017) Green Tea Extracts Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate for Different Treatments. BioMed Research International, 2017, Article 5615647. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/5615647
[5]
Green Tea (2012) LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547925/
[6]
NatMed a Trchealthcare Brand (2018) Can Green Tea Extract Hurt Your Liver? https://naturalmedicines.therapeuticresearch.com/news/news-items/2018/april/can-green-tea-extract-hurt-your-liver.aspx#:~:text=The%20amount%20of%20EGCG%20in,greater%20risk%20of%20liver%20injury
[7]
Sánchez, E.P., Ribero Vargas, M.E. and Restrepo, J.C. (2013) Hepatotoxicity Due to Green Tea Consumption (Camellia sinensis): A Review. Revista Colombiana de Gastroenterología, 28, 46-52.
[8]
Khan, N., Afaq, F., Saleem, M., Ahmad, N. and Mukhtar, H. (2006) Targeting Multiple Signaling Pathways by Green Tea Polyphenol(−)-Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate. Cancer Research, 66, 2500-2505. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-3636
[9]
Zaveri, N.T. (2006) Green Tea and Its Polyphenolic Catechins: Medicinal Uses in Cancer and Noncancer Applications. Life Sciences, 78, 2073-2080. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2005.12.006
[10]
Mata-Bilbao, M.L., Andrés-Lacueva, C., Roura, E., Jáuregui, O., Escribano, E., Torre, C., et al. (2008) Absorption and Pharmacokinetics of Green Tea Catechins in Beagles. British Journal of Nutrition, 100, 496-502. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007114507898692
[11]
Agarwal, G., Chatterjee, A., Saluja, M. and Alam, M. (2012) Green Tea: A Boon for Periodontal and General Health. Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology, 16, 161-167. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-124x.99256
[12]
Sakanaka, S. and Okada, Y. (2004) Inhibitory Effects of Green Tea Polyphenols on the Production of a Virulence Factor of the Periodontal-Disease-Causing Anaerobic Bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52, 1688-1692. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0302815
[13]
Hirasawa, M., Takada, K. and Otake, S. (2006) Inhibition of Acid Production in Dental Plaque Bacteria by Green Tea Catechins. Caries Research, 40, 265-270. https://doi.org/10.1159/000092236
[14]
Musial, C., Kuban-Jankowska, A. and Gorska-Ponikowska, M. (2020) Beneficial Properties of Green Tea Catechins. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21, Article 1744. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21051744
[15]
Gopal, J., Muthu, M., Paul, D., Kim, D. and Chun, S. (2016) Bactericidal Activity of Green Tea Extracts: The Importance of Catechin Containing Nano Particles. Scientific Reports, 6, Article No. 19710. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep19710
[16]
Arakawa, H., Maeda, M., Okubo, S. and Shimamura, T. (2004) Role of Hydrogen Peroxide in Bactericidal Action of Catechin. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 27, 277-281. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.27.277
[17]
Araghizadeh, A., Kohanteb, J. and Fani, M.M. (2013) Inhibitory Activity of Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) Extract on Some Clinically Isolated Cariogenic and Periodontopathic Bacteria. Medical Principles and Practice, 22, 368-372. https://doi.org/10.1159/000348299
[18]
Awadalla, H., Ragab, M., Bassuoni, M., Fayed, M. and Abbas, M. (2011) A Pilot Study of the Role of Green Tea Use on Oral Health. International Journal of Dental Hygiene, 9, 110-116. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5037.2009.00440.x
[19]
Vargas-Sanchez, P.K., Pitol, D.L., de Sousa, L.G., Beloti, M.M., Rosa, A.L., Rossi, A.C., et al. (2020) Green Tea Extract Rich in Epigallocatechin Gallate Impairs Alveolar Bone Loss in Ovariectomized Rats with Experimental Periodontal Disease. International Journal of Experimental Pathology, 101, 277-288. https://doi.org/10.1111/iep.12379
[20]
Wang, Y., Zeng, J., Yuan, Q. and Luan, Q. (2021) Efficacy of (−)-Epigallocatechin Gallate Delivered by a New-Type Scaler Tip During Scaling and Root Planing on Chronic Periodontitis: A Split-Mouth, Randomized Clinical Trial. BMC Oral Health, 21, Article No. 79. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-021-01418-1
[21]
Gadê‐Neto, C.R., Rodrigues, R.R., Louzada, L.M., Arruda-Vasconcelos, R., Teixeira, F.B., Viana Casarin, R.C., et al. (2019) Microbiota of Periodontal Pockets and Root Canals in Induced Experimental Periodontal Disease in Dogs. Journal of Investigative and Clinical Dentistry, 10, e12439. https://doi.org/10.1111/jicd.12439
[22]
Matera, G., Muto, V., Vinci, M., Zicca, E., Abdollahi-Roodsaz, S., van de Veerdonk, F.L., et al. (2009) Receptor Recognition of and Immune Intracellular Pathways for Veillonella parvula Lipopolysaccharide. Clinical and Vaccine Immunology, 16, 1804-1809. https://doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00310-09
[23]
Mashima, I., Fujita, M., Nakatsuka, Y., Kado, T. and Furuichi, Y. (2015) The Distribution and Frequency of Oral Veillonella Spp. Associated with Chronic Periodontitis. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 4, 150-160.
[24]
Casarin, R.C.V., Barbagallo, A., Meulman, T., Santos, V.R., Sallum, E.A., Nociti, F.H., et al. (2012) Subgingival Biodiversity in Subjects with Uncontrolled Type-2 Diabetes and Chronic Periodontitis. Journal of Periodontal Research, 48, 30-36. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0765.2012.01498.x
[25]
Dong, L., Tong, Z., Linghu, D., Lin, Y., Tao, R., Liu, J., et al. (2012) Effects of Sub-Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations of Antimicrobial Agents on Streptococcus mutans Biofilm Formation. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 39, 390-395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2012.01.009
[26]
Shumi, W., Hossain, M.A., Park, D. and Park, S. (2014) Inhibitory Effects of Green Tea Polyphenol Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG) on Exopolysaccharide Production by Streptococcus mutans under Microfluidic Conditions. BioChip Journal, 8, 179-186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13206-014-8304-y
[27]
Bauer, A.W., Kirby, W.M.M., Sherris, J.C. and Turck, M. (1966) Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing by a Standardized Single Disk Method. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 45, 493-496. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/45.4_ts.493
[28]
Hudzicki, J. (2009) Kirby-Bauer Disk Diffusion Susceptibility Test Protocol. https://asm.org/getattachment/2594ce26-bd44-47f6-8287-0657aa9185ad/Kirby-Bauer-Disk-Diffusion-Susceptibility-Test-Protocol-pdf.pdf
[29]
Xu, X., Zhou, X.D. and Wu, C.D. (2012) Tea Catechin Epigallocatechin Gallate Inhibits Streptococcus mutans Biofilm Formation by Suppressing gtf Genes. Archives of Oral Biology, 57, 678-683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2011.10.021
[30]
Kaur, H., Jain, S. and Kaur, A. (2014) Comparative Evaluation of the Antiplaque Effectiveness of Green Tea Catechin Mouthwash with Chlorhexidine Gluconate. Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology, 18, 178-182. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-124x.131320
[31]
Nomura, R., Inaba, H., Matayoshi, S., Yoshida, S., Matsumi, Y., Matsumoto-Nakano, M., et al. (2020) Inhibitory Effect of a Mouth Rinse Formulated with Chlorhexidine Gluconate, Ethanol, and Green Tea Extract against Major Oral Bacterial Species. Journal of Oral Science, 62, 206-211. https://doi.org/10.2334/josnusd.18-0483
[32]
Emoto, Y., Yoshizawa, K., Kinoshita, Y., Yuki, M., Yuri, T., Yoshikawa, Y., et al. (2014) Green Tea Extract-Induced Acute Hepatotoxicity in Rats. Journal of Toxicologic Pathology, 27, 163-174. https://doi.org/10.1293/tox.2014-0007
[33]
Fournier-Larente, J., Morin, M. and Grenier, D. (2016) Green Tea Catechins Potentiate the Effect of Antibiotics and Modulate Adherence and Gene Expression in Porphyromonas gingivalis. Archives of Oral Biology, 65, 35-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.01.014
[34]
Zhao, L., La, V.D. and Grenier, D. (2013) Antibacterial, Antiadherence, Antiprotease, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Various Tea Extracts: Potential Benefits for Periodontal Diseases. Journal of Medicinal Food, 16, 428-436. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2012.0207
[35]
Venkateswara, B., Sirisha, K. and Chava, V. (2011) Green Tea Extract for Periodontal Health. Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology, 15, 18-22. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-124x.82258