Background:Scientific procedures for addressing noseband fit and tightness, eliminating the risk of excessive and painful tightening, as well as quantitative measurements of pressures under the noseband while riding are either scarce or lacking. Purpose/Aim: To assess simple means of measuring pressure under different nosebands with a view to their adoption as scientific methodology. Method: Horses (n = 7) were fitted with five different bridles (A-E). Pressure distribution and intensity were measured using colour sensitive film (Fujifilm LLLW), assessing the level of pressure and distribution across the surface of the nosebands, as assessed and ranked by independent assessors. A CURO system was also used to measure pressure in real-time under nosebands whilst riding. Results: The colour-sensitive film for D & B were ranked 1st and 2nd, respectively. Regularity of pressure overall showed a statistical difference between nosebands (A & B significantly more unregular than the others). Pressure measurements revealed significantly different means (all P < 0.0001, except for B vs D and C vs E which were not significant; A (24.14 kPa), B (33.99 kPa), C (29.46 kPa ), D (25.33 kPa) and E (30.26 kPa). Conclusions: Pressures under nosebands can reach levels that appear capable of inflicting tissue damage, hence bridles and nosebands should be assessed using scientific methodology and not based on arbitrary and subjective criteria, as is currently the case.
References
[1]
Doherty, O., Conway, T., Conway, R., Murray, G. and Casey, V. (2017) An Objective Measure of Noseband Tightness and Its Measurement Using a Novel Digital Tightness Gauge. PLOS ONE, 12, e0168996. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168996
[2]
Weller, D., Franklin, S., Shea, G., White, P., Fenner, K., Wilson, B., et al. (2020) The Reported Use of Nosebands in Racing and Equestrian Pursuits. Animals, 10, Article 776. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10050776
[3]
Merkies, K., Copelin, C., McPhedran, C. and McGreevy, P. (2022) The Presence of Various Tack and Equipment in Sale Horse Advertisements in Australia and North America. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 55, 63-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2022.07.010
[4]
Randle, H. and McGreevy, P. (2013) The Effect of Noseband Tightness on Rein Tension in the Ridden Horse. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 8, e18-e19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2012.12.042
McGreevy, P., Warren-Smith, A. and Guisard, Y. (2012) The Effect of Double Bridles and Jaw-Clamping Crank Nosebands on Temperature of Eyes and Facial Skin of Horses. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 7, 142-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2011.08.001
[7]
Hill, E., McGreevy, P.D., Caspar, G., White, P. and McLean, A.N. (2015) Apparatus Use in Popular Equestrian Disciplines in Australia. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 10, 147-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2014.11.006
[8]
FEI (2024) FEI Code of Conduct for the Welfare of the Horse. https://inside.fei.org/sites/default/files/Code_of_Conduct_Welfare_Horse_1Jan2013.pdf
[9]
Murray, R., Guire, R., Fisher, M. and Fairfax, V. (2015) A Bridle Designed to Avoid Peak Pressure Locations under the Headpiece and Noseband Is Associated with More Uniform Pressure and Increased Carpal and Tarsal Flexion, Compared with the Horse’s Usual Bridle. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 35, 947-955. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2015.08.023
[10]
Robinson, N. and Bye, T.L. (2021) Noseband and Poll Pressures Underneath Bitted and Bitless Bridles and the Effects on Equine Locomotion. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 44, 18-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2021.05.002
[11]
Kvistgaard Olsen, J., Fener, D.K., Wæhrens, E.E., Wulf Christensen, A., Jespersen, A., Danneskiold‐Samsøe, B., et al. (2016) Reliability of Pain Measurements Using Computerized Cuff Algometry: A Dolocuff Reliability and Agreement Study. Pain Practice, 17, 708-717. https://doi.org/10.1111/papr.12514
[12]
Delgado, D.A., Lambert, B.S., Boutris, N., McCulloch, P.C., Robbins, A.B., Moreno, M.R., et al. (2018) Validation of Digital Visual Analog Scale Pain Scoring with a Traditional Paper-Based Visual Analog Scale in Adults. JAAOS: Global Research and Reviews, 2, e088. https://doi.org/10.5435/jaaosglobal-d-17-00088
[13]
Gleerup, K.B., Forkman, B., Lindegaard, C. and Andersen, P.H. (2015) An Equine Pain Face. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 42, 103-114. https://doi.org/10.1111/vaa.12212
[14]
Dyson, S. (2021) The Ridden Horse Pain Ethogram. Equine Veterinary Education, 34, 372-380. https://doi.org/10.1111/eve.13468
[15]
Dyson, S., Bondi, A., Routh, J., Pollard, D., Preston, T., McConnell, C., et al. (2021) An Investigation of Behaviour during Tacking‐up and Mounting in Ridden Sports and Leisure Horses. Equine Veterinary Education, 34, e245-e257. https://doi.org/10.1111/eve.13432
[16]
Fenner, K., Yoon, S., White, P., Starling, M. and McGreevy, P. (2016) The Effect of Noseband Tightening on Horses’ Behavior, Eye Temperature, and Cardiac Responses. PLOS ONE, 11, e0154179. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0154179
[17]
Zhu, R., Maréchal, M., Yamamoto, I., Lawn, M.J., Nagayasu, T. and Matsumoto, K. (2019) Evaluation of Laparoscopic Forceps Jaw Contact Pressure and Distribution Using Pressure Sensitive Film. Computer Assisted Surgery, 24, 105-116. https://doi.org/10.1080/24699322.2019.1649073
[18]
Harrison, A.P. (2017) A More Precise, Repeatable and Diagnostic Alternative to Surface Electromyography—An Appraisal of the Clinical Utility of Acoustic Myography. Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging, 38, 312-325. https://doi.org/10.1111/cpf.12417
[19]
Jensen, A., Ahmed, W., Elbrønd, V.S. and Harrison, A.P. (2018) The Efficacy of Intermittent Long-Term Bell Boot Application for the Correction of Muscle Asymmetry in Equine Subjects. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 68, 73-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2018.05.214
[20]
Gertz, E., Gebara, K., Elbrønd, V. and Harrison, A. (2020) The Effects of the Quantum and Finesse Bridles on Equine M. Brachiocephalicus and M. Splenius Function at Three Different Speeds. Open Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 10, 65-79. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojvm.2020.106006
[21]
Kulikowska, M., Wagner, F.C. and Harrison, A. (2023) The Effects of Using a Specially Designed Stirrup on Kinetic Energy Absorption by the Knee Joint of 12 Show Jumping/Eventing Riders. Open Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 13, 13-21. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojvm.2023.132002
[22]
lsbell, D., Laguna, S. and Harrison, A. (2021) A Static Bioimpedance and Dynamic Acoustic Myography Preliminary Assessment of Low Frequency Therapeutic Ultrasound Treatment of the Shoulder Muscle Trapezius: An Equine Study. Open Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 11, 125-135. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojvm.2021.114008
[23]
D.Phil, A.H. (2024) The Use of Far Infrared Treatment Prior to Exercise in Horses: An Mfbia and Acoustic Myography Three Case Study. Open Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 14, 69-89. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojvm.2024.144006
[24]
Wang, X., Orelaja, O.A., Ibrahim, D.S. and Ogbonna, S.M. (2020) Evaluation of Noise Risk Level and Its Consequences on Technical Operators of Tobacco Processing Equipment in a Cigarette Producing Company in Nigeria. Scientific African, 8, e00344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00344
[25]
Ng, E.S., Ting, J.R.S., Foo, S.L., Akram, S.A., Fadzlina, A.A., Alywiah, J.S. and Ahmad, T.S. (2006) The Comparison of Discomfort Level between Upper Arm and Forearm Tourniquet. Medical Journal of Malaysia, 61B, 23-26.
[26]
Tong, L., Stewart, M., Johnson, I., Appleyard, R., Wilson, B., James, O., et al. (2020) A Comparative Neuro-Histological Assessment of Gluteal Skin Thickness and Cutaneous Nociceptor Distribution in Horses and Humans. Animals, 10, Article 2094. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10112094
[27]
Waran, N., McGreevy, P. and Casey, R.A. (2007) Training Methods and Horse Welfare. In: Waran, N., Ed., The Welfare of Horses, Springer, 151-180. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-306-48215-1_7
[28]
Clayton, H.M. and MacKechnie-Guire, R. (2022) Tack Fit and Use. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice, 38, 585-601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cveq.2022.07.003
[29]
Casey, V., McGreevy, P.D., O’Muiris, E. and Doherty, O. (2013) A Preliminary Report on Estimating the Pressures Exerted by a Crank Noseband in the Horse. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 8, 479-484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2013.06.003
[30]
Mackechnie-Guire, R., Williams, J., Walker, V., Fisher, M., Fisher, D. and Clayton, H.M. (2023) Do Noseband Type and Tightness Affect Pressure Distribution Beneath the Noseband When Ridden in Trot. https://pure.hartpury.ac.uk/en/activities/do-noseband-type-and-tightness-affect-pressure-distribution-benea-2
[31]
Ceelen, K.K., Stekelenburg, A., Loerakker, S., Strijkers, G.J., Bader, D.L., Nicolay, K., et al. (2008) Compression-Induced Damage and Internal Tissue Strains Are Related. Journal of Biomechanics, 41, 3399-3404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2008.09.016
[32]
Chen, L., Yuan, Y., Takashi, E., Kamijo, A., Liang, J. and Fan, J. (2022) Establishing an Appropriate Pressure for the Transparent Disc Method to Distinguish Early Pressure Injury and Blanchable Erythema. Diagnostics, 12, Article 1075. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12051075
[33]
National Research Council (US) Steering Committee for the Workshop on Work-Related Musculoskeletal Injuries (1999) Biological Response of Peripheral Nerves to Loading: Pathophysiology of Nerve Compression Syndromes and Vibration Induced Neuropathy. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK230871/
[34]
Fraser, J.A. (1969) Some Observations on Behaviour of Horses in Pain. British Veterinary Journal, 125, 150-151.
[35]
Dalla Costa, E., Minero, M., Lebelt, D., Stucke, D., Canali, E. and Leach, M.C. (2014) Development of the Horse Grimace Scale (HGS) as a Pain Assessment Tool in Horses Undergoing Routine Castration. PLOS ONE, 9, e92281. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0092281
[36]
Dyson, S., Berger, J., Ellis, A.D. and Mullard, J. (2018) Development of an Ethogram for a Pain Scoring System in Ridden Horses and Its Application to Determine the Presence of Musculoskeletal Pain. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 23, 47-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2017.10.008