多种养殖模式池塘生物群落比较研究
A Comparative Study on the Biological Communities of Ponds with Different Culture Modes

本文对无地膜对虾养殖模式、有地膜对虾养殖模式、鱼虾混养模式、纯养鱼模式四种养殖模式的5个池塘在池塘养殖中后期的水质理化特征及浮游植物和浮游动物群落结构进行了调查，并对四种养殖模式的水质和浮游生物状况进行了总结。结果表明，从水质理化特征来看，两种对虾养殖模式中有地膜对虾养殖模式pH、溶氧和水温控制得当，三氮一磷处于高水平；鱼虾混养模式pH呈现高水平状态；纯养鱼模式呈现透明度高、溶氧高、温度低、pH低和三氮一磷低的特点；从浮游生物群落结构来看，浮游植物在种类上均以咸淡水种类为主，浮游动物以盐水种类为主，养殖中期，两种对虾养殖模式和鱼虾混养模式蓝藻均为优势种，而纯养鱼模式硅藻占绝对优势，浮游动物优势种中原生动物和轮虫占绝对优势，表明浮游动物普遍存在小型化，其中无地膜对虾养殖模式和纯养鱼模式桡足类占据一定优势，表明池塘生态稳定性较好。综合上述结果，本文提出了控制水质、控制蓝藻和减少浮游动物小型化的措施，以期能为完善现有的养殖模式，提高池塘养殖的综合经济效益，实现可持续发展提供一定的数据支持和科学参考。
In this paper, the water quality physicochemical characteristics and community structure of phytoplankton and zooplankton in 5 ponds with four culture modes of shrimp without mulching film, shrimp with mulching film, mixed culture with fish and shrimp, and pure fish culture were investigated in the middle and late stage of pond culture. The results showed that from the physi-cochemical characteristics of water quality, pH, dissolved oxygen and water temperature were properly controlled in the mulch shrimp culture mode, and TRN and P were at a high level. The pH of fish and shrimp mixed culture was high. The pure fish culture model showed the characteristics of high transparency, high dissolved oxygen, low temperature, low pH and low nitrogen and phosphorus. From the perspective of plankton community structure, the species of phytoplankton are mainly brate-water species, and the species of zooplankton are mainly saltwater species. In the middle period of culture, the two shrimp culture modes and the fish-shrimp mixed culture mode cyanobacteria are dominant species, while the pure fish culture mode diatom is absolutely dominant, and the protozoa and rotifer are absolutely dominant in the dominant zooplankton species, indicating that the miniaturization of zooplankton is widespread. The copepods in shrimp culture mode without mulching film and fish culture mode are dominant, which indicates that the ecological stability of the pond is good. Based on the above results, this paper proposes measures to control water quality, control cyanobacteria and reduce the miniaturization of zoo-plankton, in order to provide certain data support and scientific reference for improving the existing aquaculture model, improving the comprehensive economic benefits of pond aquaculture and realizing sustainable development.