We present the result of groundwater stability assessment on three major springs in the Manga region in Nyamira County found in Kenya in 2018. These springs are Kiangoso (SP1), Kerongo (SP2) and Tetema (SP3). The corrosion and scaling tendency indices were obtained using the Langelier saturation index (LSI), Ryznar stability index (RSI), and Puckorius scaling index (PSI). The LSI values obtained for SP1, SP2, and SP3 are ？3.93, ？4.71, and ？4.17, respectively, while using RSI, the values obtained for SP1, SP2, and SP3 are 14.15, 14.53, and 13.74, respectively. Using PSI, the values of SP1, SP2, and SP3 are 5.58, 5.45, and 5.58, respectively. From the interpretation of the indices, the groundwater from the three springs in the Manga region using LSI and RSI showed intolerable corrosion; hence, it is unlikely to scale as obtained from PSI.
References
[1]
Bouslah, S., Djemili, L. and Houichi, L. (2017) Water Quality Index assessment of Koudiat Medouar Reservoir, Northeast Algeria Using Weighted Arithmetic Index Method. Journal of Water and Land Development, 35, 221-228. https://doi.org/10.1515/jwld-2017-0087
[2]
Khan, S., Shahnaz, M., Jehan, N., Rehman, S., Shah, M.T. and Din, I. (2013) Drinking Water Quality and Human Health Risk in Charsadda District, Pakistan. Journal of Cleaner Production, 60, 93-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.02.016
[3]
Darapu, S.S.K., Sudhakar, B., Krishna, K.S.R., Rao, P.V. and Sekhar, M.C. (2011) Determining Water Quality Index for the Evaluation of Water Quality of River. International Journal of Engineering Research and Application, 1, 174-182.
[4]
Jahin, H.S., Abuzaid, A.S. and Abdellatif, A.D. (2020) Using multivariate Analysis to Develop Irrigation Water Quality Index for Surface Water in Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate, Egypt. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 17, Article ID: 100532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2019.100532
[5]
Achieng, G.O., Shikuku, V.O., Andala, D.M., Okowa, G.M. and Owour, J.J. (2019) Assessment of Water Quality of the Nyando River (Muhoroni-Kenya) Using the Water Quality Index (WQI) Method. International Research Journal of EnvironmentalSciences, 8, 27-33.
[6]
Ibrahim, M. (2019) Assessing Groundwater Quality for Drinking Purpose in Jordan, Application of Water Quality Index. Journal of Ecological Engineering, 20, 101-111. https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/99740
[7]
Tripsth, M. and Singal, S.K. (2019) Use of Principal Component Analysis for Parameter Selection for Development of a Novel Water Quality Index: A Case Study of River Ganga India. Ecological Indicators, 96, 430-443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.09.025
[8]
Chatterji, C. and Raziuddin, M. (2002) Determination of Water Quality Index of a Degraded River in Asanol Industrial Area, Raniganj, Burdwan, West Bengal. Nature Environment and Pollution Technology, 1, 181-189.
[9]
Brown, R.M., McClelland, N.J., Deininger, R.A. and O’Connor, M.F. (1972) A Water Quality Index-Crashing the Psychological Barrier. International Conference on Water Pollution Research, 6, 787-797. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-017005-3.50067-0
[10]
Dirican, S. (2015) Assessment of Water Quality Using Physicochemical Parameters of Camligoze Dam Lake in Sivas, Turkey. Ecologia, 5, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.3923/ecologia.2015.1.7
[11]
Vadde, K., Wang, J., Cao, L., Yuan, T., McCarthy, A. and Sekar, R. (2018) Assessment of Water Quality and Identification of Pollution Risk Locations in Tiaoxi River (Taihu Watershed), China. Water, 10, Article 183. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10020183
[12]
John, V., Jain, P., Rahate, M. and Labhasetwar, P. (2014) Assessment of Deterioration in Water Quality from Source to Household Storage in Semi-Urban Settings of Developing Countries. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 186, 725-734. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-013-3412-z
[13]
Amouei, A., Mohammadi, A., Asgharnia, H., Khafajeh, A., et al. Physical and Chemical Quality Assessment of Potable Ground Water in Rural Areas of Khaf, Iran. World Applied Sciences Journal, 18, 693-697.
[14]
Mohammadi, A.A., Yaghmaeian, K., Faraji, H., Nabizadeh, R., Dehghani, M.H., Khaili, J.K. and Mahvi, A.H. (2017) Temporal and Spatial Variation of Chemical Parameter Concentration in Drinking Water Resources of Bandar-e Gaz City Using Geographic Information System. Desalination and Water Treatment, 68, 170-176.
[15]
Alsaqqar, A.S. (2014) Evaluating Water Stability Indices from Water Treatment Plants in Baghdad City. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 6, 1344-1351. https://doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2014.614124
[16]
Mahvi, A.H. and Eslami, A. (2005) Study of Quality of Zanjan Water Resources Concerning Corrosion and Deposition, 2003. Iran. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 28, 90-95.
[17]
Antony, A., Gray, S., Childress, A.E., Le-Clech, P. and Leslie, G. (2011) Scale Formation and Control in High Pressure Membrane Water Treatment Systems. Journal of Membrane Science, 383, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2011.08.054
[18]
Alipour, V., Dindarloo, K., Mahvi, A.H. and Rezaei, L. (2015) Evaluation of Corrosion and Scaling Tendency Indices in Drinking Water Distribution System: A Case Study of Bandar Abbas City, Iran. Journal of Water and Health, 13, 203-209. https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2014.157
[19]
Dehghani, M., Tex, F. and Zamanian, Z. (2010) Assessment of the Potential of Scale Formation and Corrosivity of Tap Water Resources and the Network Distribution System in Shiraz, South Iran. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 13, 88-92. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2010.88.92
[20]
Al-Rawajfeh, A.E. and Al-Shamaileh, E.M. (2007) Assessment of Tap Water Resources Quality and Its Potential of Scale Formation and Corrosivity in Tafila Province, South Jordan. Desalination, 206, 322-332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2006.01.039
[21]
Alam, A. and Kumar, S. (2023) Groundwater Quality Assessment and Evaluation of Scaling and Corrosiveness Potential of Drinking Water Samples.Environmental Sciences Proceedings, 25, Article 64. https://doi.org/10.3390/ECWS-7-14316
[22]
Shams, M., Mohamadi, A.A. and Sajadi, S.A. (2012) Evaluation of Corrosion and Scaling Potential of Water in Rural Water Supply Distribution Networks of Tabas, Iran. World Applied Sciences Journal, 17, 1484-1489.
[23]
Kalantari, R.R., Yari, A.R., Ahmadi, E., Azari, A., Zade, M.T. and Gharagazlo, F. (2013) Survey of Corrosion and Scaling Potential in Drinking Water Resources of the Villages in Qom Province by Use of Four Stability Indexes (with Quantitative and qualitative analysis). Archives of Hygiene Sciences,2, 127-134.
[24]
Mirzabeygi, M., Yousefi, N., Abbasnia, A., Youzi, H., Alikhani, M. and Mahvi, A.H. (2017) Evaluation of Groundwater Quality and Assessment of Scaling Potential and Corrosiveness of Water Supply Networks, Iran. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua, 66, 416-425. https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2017.128
[25]
Mohammadi, A.A., NajafiSaleh, H., Mahvi, A.H., Alimohammadi, M., Nabizadeh, R. and Yousefi, M. (2018) Data on Corrosion and Scaling Potential of Drinking Water Resources Using Stability Indices in Jolfa, East Azerbaijan, Iran. Data Brief, 16, 724-731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2017.11.099
[26]
Khorsandi, H., Mohammadi, A., Karimzadeh, S. and Khorsandi, J. (2016) Evaluation of Corrosion and Scaling Potential in Rural Water Distribution Network of Urmia, Iran. Desalination and Water Treatment, 57, 10585-10592. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2015.1042058
[27]
Langelier, W.F. (1936) The Analytical Control of the Anti-Corrosion Water Treatment. Journal of American Water Association, 28, 1500-1521. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1936.tb13785.x
[28]
Ryznar, J.W. (1944) A New Index for Determining the Amount of Calcium Carbonate Scale Formed by Water. Journal of American Water Works Association, 36, 472-483. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1944.tb20016.x
[29]
Omar, W., Chen, J. and Ulrich, J. (2010) Reduction of Seawater Scale Forming Potential Using the Fluidized Bed Crystallization Technology. Desalination, 250, 95-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2009.03.013
[30]
SlavÍčKovÁ, K., GrÜNwald, A. and Št’Astný, B. (2013) Monitoring the Corrosion of Pipes Used for the Drinking Water Treatment and Supply. Civil Engineering and Architecture, 1, 61-65. https://doi.org/10.13189/cea.2013.010302
[31]
Wekesa, A.M. and Otieno, C. (2022) Assessment of Groundwater Quality Using Water Quality Index from Selected Springs in Manga Subcounty, Nyamira County, Kenya. The Scientific World Journal, 2022, Article ID: 3498394. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3498394
[32]
APHA. (2005) Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater. 21st Edition, American Public Health Association.
[33]
World Health Organization. (2011) Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality. 4th Edition, WHO Press.
[34]
Kenya Bureau of Standards. (2007) Drinking Water Specification-Part-1 Requirements for Drinking Water. 3rd Edition, Kenya Bureau of Standards.
[35]
Shankar, B.S. (2014) Determination of Scaling and Corrosion Tendencies of Water through the Use of Langelier and Ryznar Indices. Scholars Journal of Engineering and Technology, 2, 123-127.
[36]
Atasoy, A.D. and Yesilnacar, M.I. (2009) Effect of High Sulfate Concentration on the Corrosivity: A Case Study from Groundwater in Harran Plain, Turkey. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 166, 595-607. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-009-1026-2
