The study aimed to investigate the Haematological and Serum Biochemical indices of finisher broiler chickens fed graded levels of Euphorbia heterophylla leaf meal (EHLM) also known as spurge weed. The birds were allotted into six dietary treatments of ten birds segregated into three replicates each. The diets formulated with EHLM were included at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% levels in diets 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 respectively to replace soybean. Each treatment was replicated three times in a completely randomized design. Uncoagulated blood samples were collected from the birds at the end of the 56 days feeding trial and analysed for packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin concentrate (Hb), red blood cells (RBC) and white blood cells (WBC). The mean corpuscular haemoglobin volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), platelets, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils were calculated using PCV, RBC and Hb. The blood meant for serological analysis was centrifuged at 1000 G for 10 minutes, after which the serum was separated and used for determining serum total protein (Tp), Albumin, Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT). The results revealed that the control group had significantly higher values of PCV, RBC, and Hb compared to other treatment groups. However, the values of MCV, MCH, lymphocytes, heterophils, and eosinophils were similar to the control. The biochemical parameters showed significant differences among treatment groups, but not significantly different from the control. The study concluded that EHLM may not pose a health challenge to broiler chickens at levels of 5 - 15 percent, but improved health, immunity and performance can be achieved at the 15% inclusion level.
References
[1]
Allouche, L., Madani, T., Hamouda, A., Boucherit, M.R., Taleb, H., Samah, O., et al. (2015) Effect of Addition of Exogenous Enzymes in Hypocaloric Diet in Broiler Chicken on Performance, Biochemical Parameters and Meat Characteristics. Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry, 31, 551-565. https://doi.org/10.2298/bah1504551a
[2]
Akintomide, A.A., Osho, I.B. and Onibi, G.E. (2021) Growth Performance and Haematology of Broiler Chickens Fed Enzyme Supplemented Neem Leaf Meal-Based Diets. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production, 48, 152-164. https://doi.org/10.51791/njap.v48i5.3196
[3]
Ajila, C.M., Brar, S.K., Verma, M., Tyagi, R.D., Godbout, S. and Valéro, J.R. (2012) Bio-Processing of Agro-Byproducts to Animal Feed. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 32, 382-400. https://doi.org/10.3109/07388551.2012.659172
[4]
Fabunmi, T.B. Arotupin, D.J. Adegunloye, D.V. Orunmuyi, M. and Ododle, B.S. (2019) Effects of Kolanut Husk Formulated Feed at Graded Levels on Growth Performance and Health of Ross Broilers with or without Enzymes Inclusion. Acta Scientific Agriculture, 3, 105-113
[5]
Hien, T.O., Hoan, T.T., Kien, T.T. and Trung. T.A. (2017) The Effect of Some Leaf Meal Kinds as a Supplement in the Basal Diet on Luong Phuong Broiler Performance. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 23, 617-624.
[6]
Adesua, A.A. (2019) Chemical Characterization and Effects of Neem (Azadirachea inilita a. Juss) and Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas L Lam) Leaf Meals on Performance and Meat Quality of Broiler Chickens. Unpublished Doctoral Thesis, Federal University of Technology.
[7]
Onu, P.N. (2012) Effect of Aqueous Extract of Telfairia occidentalis Leaf on the Performance and Haematological Indices of Starter Broilers. ISRN Veterinary Science, 2012, Article 726515.
[8]
Kouakou, N.D.V., Grongnet, J., Assidjo, N.E., Thys, E., Marnet, P., Catheline, D., et al. (2013) Effect of a Supplementation of Euphorbia heterophylla on Nutritional Meat Quality of Guinea Pig (Cavia porcellus L.). Meat Science, 93, 821-826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2012.11.036
[9]
Esiegwu, A.C. (2021) Growth Performance, Haematological and Serum Biochemical Indices of Finisher Broiler Chickens Offered Nutritional Supplement of Fluted Pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis) Leaves Extract. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production, 48, 245-256. https://doi.org/10.51791/njap.v48i5.3208
[10]
Okeniyi, S.O., Adedoyin, B.J. and Garba. S. (2012) Phytochemical Screening, Ctotoxicity, Antiodidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Stem and Leaves of Euphorbia Heterophylla. Journal of Biology and Life Science, 4, 24-31. https://doi.org/10.5296/jbls.v4i1.2047
[11]
N’Goran, D.V.K., Gnantio, C.M.T., Cbo, E.M.A., Jean-Francois, G. and Marry-Line, K. (2016) Effect of Feeding Euphorbia heterophylla Seeds on Egg. Production, Egg Quality, Lipid Composition and Sensory Evaluation of Eggs. Journal of Animal and Plant Science, 31, 4889-4900.
[12]
Salami, R.I. and Odunsi, A.A. (2017) Growth Performance of Broiler Starter Chickens Fed Varying Levels of Fibre and Energy in Multi-Fibre Source-Based Diets. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science, 19, 83-93.
Akpen, G.D., Aho, M.I. and Adejo, M.G. (2019) Aquifer Characteristics of Some Local Government Areas of Benue State, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Technology, 38, 233-241. https://doi.org/10.4314/njt.v38i1.28
[15]
Jain, N.C. (1986) Schalm’ s. Veterinary Haematology. 4th Edition, Lea and Pebiger, 276-282.
[16]
Powell, J.B. and Djuh, Y. (1971) A Comparison of Automated Methods for Glucose Analysis in Patients with Uremia before and after Dialysis. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 56, 8-16. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/56.1.8
[17]
Roschlan, P., Bernet, E. and Grubner, W. (1974) Veterinary Clinical Pathology. 2nd Edition, Saunders Company, 403-407.
[18]
Ochie, J. and Kolhatkar, A. (2000) Medical Laboratory Science. Theory and Practice Tata McGraw-Hill Company Limited.
[19]
MINITAB (2014) Statistical Analysis. In: Inc. Minitab, Ed., MINITAB Student Version 14 for Windows, Duxbur Press.
[20]
Oyebode, D.O. (2015) Performance of Broiler Chicken Fed Kapok (Ceiba pentandra) Seed Cake, Fermented and Unfermented as Replacement for Groundnut Cake in Broiler Chicken Diets. MSc. Thesis, Ahmadu Bello University.
[21]
Hodgers, R.D. (1977) Normal Poultry Haematological. In: Archer, R.K. and Jeffcott, L.B., Eds., Comparable Clinical Haematology, Blackwell Scientific Publication, 117-138.
[22]
Mitruka, B.M. and Rawnsley, H.M. (1977) Clinical, Biochemical and Haematological Reference Value in Normal Experimental Animals. Masson Publishing.
[23]
Aeangwanich, W., Simarakas, S. and Chinrasri, D. (2004) Haematological Erythrocyte and Serum Biochemical Value of the Theis Indigenous Chicken (Gallus domesticus) in North Eastern Highland. Songkhana Karian Journal of Science Technology, 26, 425-430.
[24]
Ahmed, M.A. (2018) Reference Haematological for Commercial ROSS 308 Broilers Online. Journal of Veterinary Research, 22, 666-670.
[25]
Al-Nedawi, A.M. (2018) Some of the Body Measurements and Their Role as Predictors of Final Weight Using All Possible Regressions Procedure in Commercial Broilers. Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 7, 181-186. https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.aavs/2019/7.3.181.186
[26]
Onibi, G. and Bobadoye, A. (2011) Haematological Indices, Serum Cholesterol and Meat Quality of Broiler Chickens Fed Diets with Palm Oil Sludge Substituting Maize. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America, 2, 552-558. https://doi.org/10.5251/abjna.2011.2.3.552.558
[27]
Nanbol, D.L., Duru, B.N., Nanbol, H.D., Abiliu, C.A., Anueyegu, D.M., Kumbish, P.R. and Solomon, M. (2016) Establishment of Reference Values of Some Biochemical and Haematological Parameters for Broilers and Layers in Plateau State, Nigeria. VomJournal of Veterinary Science, 11, 30-35.
[28]
Raza, M., Deo, C., Mandal, A.B., Tyagi, P. and Mir, N.A. (2018) Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Selenium and Vitamin E on Growth Performance and Hematology of Broiler Chicken under Heat Stress. Indian Journal of Poultry Science, 53, 171-176. https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-8180.2018.00033.8
[29]
Ukonu, E.C., Ohanaka, A.U.C., Uzegbu, H.O., Odyehje, T.C., Obih, T.K. and El-Kannah, C.U. (2018) Haematological and Serum Biochemical Indices of Broiler Finisher Fed Graded Levels of Yam Peel Meal. Proceedings of 43rd Animal Conference of the Nigeria Society of Animal Production, 18-22 March 2018, Nigeria, 169-172.
[30]
Aiello, S.E. and Mays, M. (1998) The Merck-Veterinary Manual, 8th Edition. Merck and Company Inc., 18-147.
[31]
Tehrani, A. (2012) Haematological Studies on Broiler Chickens Fed with Different Levels of Artemia Urmiana. Journal of Biotechnology & Biomaterials, 2, Article 138. https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-952x.1000138
[32]
Esiegwu, A.C. and Obih, J.K.O. (2019) Growth Performance, Haematological and Serum Biochemical Indices of Broiler Finisher Birds Fed Fermented Banmbara Groundnut Meal (Vigna subterranehn (L) VERDE). Direct ResearchJournal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, 4, 33-39. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3373433
[33]
Adesina, S.A., Falaye, A.E. and Ajani, E.K. (2017) Evaluation of Haematological and Serum Biochemical Changes in Clarias gariepinus Juveniles Fed Graded Dietary Levels of Boiled Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) Seed Meal Replacing Soybean Meal. Ife Journal of Science, 19, 51-68. https://doi.org/10.4314/ijs.v19i1.7
[34]
Akomah, C., Sogunle, O.M., Adeyemi, O.A. and Bamgbose, A.M. (2021) Growth Performance and Haematological Characteristics of Pullet Chickens Fed Different Feed Forms Supplemented with or without Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus). Nigerian Journal of Animal Production, 48, 203-212. https://doi.org/10.51791/njap.v48i5.3202
[35]
Eburuaja, A.S., Onunkwo, D.N. and Adedokun, O.O. (2020) Haematological and Biochemical Indices of Broiler Chicken Fed Graded Levels of Boiled African Yam Beans (Sphenostylis stenocarpa). Nigerian Journal of Animal Production, 44, 139-144. https://doi.org/10.51791/njap.v44i2.996
Meluzzi, A., Primiceri, G., Giordani, R. and Fabris, G. (1992) Determination of Blood Constituents Reference Values in Broilers. Poultry Science, 71, 337-345. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0710337
[38]
Abdi-Hachesco, B., Julebi, A. and Asri-Rezaei, S. (2011) Comparative Study on Blood Profile of Indigenous and Ross 308 Broiler Breeders. Global Veterinaria, 7, 238-241.
[39]
Hossein, A.N., Makki, D.F., Ahmad C. and Omidi. A. (2014) Evaluation of Blood Chemicals, Lipids Profile and Immune Response of Broiler Chicks Fed with Milk Thistle (Silybum marineum L.) and Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) Seed in South Eastern Iran. Veterinary Science Development, 5, 21-24. https://doi.org/10.4081/vsd.2014.5621
[40]
Olabisi, A., Ayodeji, A. and Raymond, T. (2021) Haematological Indices and Serum Biochemistry of Broiler Chicken Finisher Fed Diets Containing Dried Avocado Pear Seed (Persea Americana) Meal. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Belgrade, 66, 279-290. https://doi.org/10.2298/jas2103279o
[41]
Omoikhoje, S.O., Imade, J.E. and Odiase, M.O. (2020) Nutritive Value of Pigeon Pea (Cajanus cajan) Seeds Soaked in Wood Ash Extract as Protein Feedstuff for Broiler Chicken Production. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production, 44, 101-111. https://doi.org/10.51791/njap.v44i2.1123
[42]
Board, M.M., Crespo, R., Shah, D.H. and Faux, C.M. (2018) Biochemical Reference Intervals for Backyard Hens. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, 32, 301-306. https://doi.org/10.1647/2017-310
Shang, H.M., Hu, T.M., Lu, Y.J. and Wu, H.X. (2010) Effects of Inulin on Performance, Egg Quality, Gut Microflora and Serum and Yolk Cholesterol in Laying Hens. British Poultry Science, 51, 791-796. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2010.531005
[45]
Valenzuela-Grijalva, N.V., Pinelli-Saavedra, A., Muhlia-Almazan, A., Domínguez-Díaz, D. and González-Ríos, H. (2017) Dietary Inclusion Effects of Phytochemicals as Growth Promoters in Animal Production. Journal of Animal Science and Technology, 59, Article No. 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40781-017-0133-9
[46]
Wood, J.D., Richardson, R.I., Nute, G.R., Fisher, A.V., Campo, M.M., Kasapidou, E., et al. (2004) Effects of Fatty Acids on Meat Quality: A Review. Meat Science, 66, 21-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0309-1740(03)00022-6
[47]
Akinsulie, O.C., Akinrinde, A.S. and Soetan, K.O. (2021) Nutritional Potentials and Reproductive Effects of Irish Potato (Solanum tuberosum) Peels on Male Wistar Rats Nigeria. Journal of Animal Production, 48, 186-202.
[48]
Muanda, F., Koné, D., Dicko, A., Soulimani, R. and Younos, C. (2011) Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Capacity of Three Malian Medicinal Plant Parts. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2011, Article 674320. https://doi.org/10.1093/ecam/nep109
[49]
Rubió, L., Motilva, M. and Romero, M. (2013) Recent Advances in Biologically Active Compounds in Herbs and Spices: A Review of the Most Effective Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Active Principles. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 53, 943-953. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2011.574802
