Internode number and length are the foundation to constitute plant height, ear height and the above-ground spatial structure of maize plant. In this study, segregating populations were constructed between EHel with extremely low ear height and B73. Through the SNP-based genotyping and phenotypic characterization, 13 QTL distributed on the chromosomes (Chrs) of Chr1, Chr2, Chr5-Chr8 were detected for four traits of internode no. above ear (INa), average internode length above ear (ILaa), internode no. below ear (INb), and average internode length below ear (ILab). Phenotypic variation explained (PVE) by a single QTL ranged from 6.82% (qILab2-2) to 12.99% (qILaa5). Zm00001d016823 within the physical region of qILaa5, the major QTL for ILaa with the largest PVE was determined as the candidate through the genomic annotation and sequence alignment between EHel and B73. Product of Zm00001d016823 was annotated as a WEB family protein homogenous to At1g75720. qRT-PCR assay showed that Zm00001d016823 highly expressed within the tissue of internode, exhibiting statistically higher expression levels among internodes of IN4 to IN7 in EHel than those in B73 (P < 0.01), implying a negative regulating trend to internode elongation in maize. Functional dissection of Zm00001d016823 might provide novel insight into molecular mechanism beyond phytohormones controlling internode development in maize.
References
[1]
Zhou, Z., Zhang, C., Lu, X., Wang, L., Hao, Z., Li, M., etal. (2018) Dissecting the Genetic Basis Underlying Combining Ability of Plant Height Related Traits in Maize. FrontiersinPlantScience, 9, Article No. 1117. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.01117
[2]
Zhao, Y., Zhang, S., Lv, Y., Ning, F., Cao, Y., Liao, S., etal. (2022) Optimizing Ear-Plant Height Ratio to Improve Kernel Number and Lodging Resistance in Maize (Zeamays L.). FieldCropsResearch, 276, Article ID: 108376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2021.108376
[3]
Stubbs, C.J., Kunduru, B., Bokros, N., Verges, V., Porter, J., Cook, D.D., etal. (2023) Moving toward Short Stature Maize: The Effect of Plant Height on Maize Stalk Lodging Resistance. FieldCropsResearch, 300, Article ID: 109008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2023.109008
[4]
Wang, W., Guo, W., Le, L., Yu, J., Wu, Y., Li, D., etal. (2023) Integration of High-Throughput Phenotyping, GWAS, and Predictive Models Reveals the Genetic Architecture of Plant Height in Maize. MolecularPlant, 16, 354-373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molp.2022.11.016
Paciorek, T., Chiapelli, B.J., Wang, J.Y., Paciorek, M., Yang, H., Sant, A., etal. (2022) Targeted Suppression of Gibberellin Biosynthetic Genes ZmGA20ox3 and ZmGA20ox5 Produces a Short Stature Maize Ideotype. PlantBiotechnologyJournal, 20, 1140-1153. https://doi.org/10.1111/pbi.13797
[7]
Fan, Y. and Li, Y. (2019) Molecular, Cellular and Yin-Yang Regulation of Grain Size and Number in Rice. MolecularBreeding, 39, Article No. 163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11032-019-1078-0
[8]
Yuan, Z., Persson, S. and Zhang, D. (2020) Molecular and Genetic Pathways for Optimizing Spikelet Development and Grain Yield. aBIOTECH, 1, 276-292. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42994-020-00026-x
[9]
Mukherjee, A., Gaurav, A.K., Singh, S., Yadav, S., Bhowmick, S., Abeysinghe, S., etal. (2022) The Bioactive Potential of Phytohormones: A Review. BiotechnologyReports, 35, e00748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.btre.2022.e00748
[10]
Dong, Z., Xiao, Y., Govindarajulu, R., Feil, R., Siddoway, M.L., Nielsen, T., etal. (2019) The Regulatory Landscape of a Core Maize Domestication Module Controlling Bud Dormancy and Growth Repression. NatureCommunications, 10, Article No. 3810. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-11774-w
[11]
Castorina, G. and Consonni, G. (2020) The Role of Brassinosteroids in Controlling Plant Height in Poaceae: A Genetic Perspective. InternationalJournalofMolecularSciences, 21, Article No. 1191. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21041191
[12]
Cowling, C.L., Dash, L. and Kelley, D.R. (2023) Roles of Auxin Pathways in Maize Biology. JournalofExperimentalBotany, 74, 6989-6999. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erad297
[13]
Li, Q., Liu, N. and Wu, C. (2023) Novel Insights into Maize (Zeamays) Development and Organogenesis for Agricultural Optimization. Planta, 257, Article No. 94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-023-04126-y
[14]
Cassani, E., Bertolini, E., Cerino Badone, F., Landoni, M., Gavina, D., Sirizzotti, A., etal. (2009) Characterization of the First Dominant Dwarf Maize Mutant Carrying a Single Amino Acid Insertion in the VHYNP Domain of the Dwarf8 Gene. MolecularBreeding, 24, 375-385. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11032-009-9298-3
[15]
Chen, Y., Hou, M., Liu, L., Wu, S., Shen, Y., Ishiyama, K., etal. (2014) The Maize DWARF1 encodes a Gibberellin 3-Oxidase and Is Dual Localized to the Nucleus and Cytosol. PlantPhysiology, 166, 2028-2039. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.114.247486
[16]
Lawit, S.J., Wych, H.M., Xu, D., Kundu, S. and Tomes, D.T. (2010) Maize DELLA Proteins Dwarf Plant8 and Dwarf Plant9 as Modulators of Plant Development. PlantandCellPhysiology, 51, 1854-1868. https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcq153
[17]
Winkler, R.G. and Helentjaris, T. (1995) The Maize Dwarf3 Gene Encodes a Cytochrome P450-Mediated Early Step in Gibberellin Biosynthesis. ThePlantCell, 7, 1307-1317. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.7.8.1307
Sun, C., Liu, Y., Li, G., Chen, Y., Li, M., Yang, R., etal. (2024) ZmCYP90D1 Regulates Maize Internode Development by Modulating Brassinosteroid-Mediated Cell Division and Growth. TheCropJournal, 12, 58-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cj.2023.11.002
[20]
Wang, X., Ren, Z., Xie, S., Li, Z., Zhou, Y. and Duan, L. (2024) Jasmonate Mimic Modulates Cell Elongation by Regulating Antagonistic bHLH Transcription Factors via Brassinosteroid Signaling. PlantPhysiology, kiae217. https://doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiae217
[21]
Le, L., Guo, W., Du, D., Zhang, X., Wang, W., Yu, J., etal. (2022) A Spatiotemporal Transcriptomic Network Dynamically Modulates Stalk Development in Maize. PlantBiotechnologyJournal, 20, 2313-2331. https://doi.org/10.1111/pbi.13909
[22]
Wu, L., Zheng, Y., Jiao, F., Wang, M., Zhang, J., Zhang, Z., etal. (2022) Identification of Quantitative Trait Loci for Related Traits of Stalk Lodging Resistance Using Genome-Wide Association Studies in Maize (Zeamays L.). BMCGenomicData, 23, Article No. 76. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12863-022-01091-5
[23]
Wang, X., Chen, Y., Sun, X., Li, J., Zhang, R., Jiao, Y., etal. (2022) Characteristics and Candidate Genes Associated with Excellent Stalk Strength in Maize (Zeamays L.). FrontiersinPlantScience, 13, Article ID: 957566. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.957566
[24]
Gul, H., Qian, M., G. Arabzai, M., Huang, T., Ma, Q., Xing, F., etal. (2022) Discovering Candidate Chromosomal Regions Linked to Kernel Size-Related Traits via QTL Mapping and Bulked Sample Analysis in Maize. Phyton, 91, 1429-1443. https://doi.org/10.32604/phyton.2022.019842
[25]
Shi, Y.S., Li, Y., Wang, T.Y. and Song, Y.C. (2006) Description and Data Standard for Maize (Zeamays L.). China Agriculture Press. (In Chinese)
[26]
Norman, P.E., Kamara, L., Beah, A., Gborie, K.S., Saquee, F.S., Kanu, S.A., etal. (2024) Genetic and Agronomic Parameter Estimates of Growth, Yield and Related Traits of Maize (Zeamays L.) under Different Rates of Nitrogen Fertilization. AmericanJournalofPlantSciences, 15, 274-291. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2024.154020
[27]
Meng, L., Li, H., Zhang, L. and Wang, J. (2015) QTL Icimapping: Integrated Software for Genetic Linkage Map Construction and Quantitative Trait Locus Mapping in Biparental Populations. TheCropJournal, 3, 269-283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cj.2015.01.001
[28]
McCouch, S., Chao, Y.G., Yano, M., Paul, E., Blinstrub, M., Morishima, H. and Kinoshita, T. (1997) Report on QTL Nomenclature. RiceGeneticsNewsletter, 14, 111-131.
[29]
Stuber, C.W., Lincoln, S.E., Wolff, D.W., Helentjaris, T. and Lander, E.S. (1992) Identification of Genetic Factors Contributing to Heterosis in a Hybrid from Two Elite Maize Inbred Lines Using Molecular Markers. Genetics, 132, 823-839. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/132.3.823
[30]
Walley, J.W., Sartor, R.C., Shen, Z., Schmitz, R.J., Wu, K.J., Urich, M.A., etal. (2016) Integration of Omic Networks in a Developmental Atlas of Maize. Science, 353, 814-818. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aag1125
[31]
Xiao, Q., Huang, T., Zhou, C., Chen, W., Cha, J., Wei, X., etal. (2023) Characterization of Subunits Encoded by SnRK1 and Dissection of Combinations among These Subunits in Sorghum (Sorghumbicolor L.). JournalofIntegrativeAgriculture, 22, 642-649. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jia.2022.08.068
[32]
Livak, K.J. and Schmittgen, T.D. (2001) Analysis of Relative Gene Expression Data Using Real-Time Quantitative PCR and the 2-ΔΔCT Method. Methods, 25, 402-408. https://doi.org/10.1006/meth.2001.1262
[33]
Khush, G.S. (2001) Green Revolution: The Way Forward. NatureReviewsGenetics, 2, 815-822. https://doi.org/10.1038/35093585
[34]
Briggs, J. (2009) Green Revolution. In: Kitchin, R. and Thrift, N., Eds., InternationalEncyclopediaofHumanGeography, Elsevier, 634-638.
[35]
Pingali, P.L. (2012) Green Revolution: Impacts, Limits, and the Path Ahead. ProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences, 109, 12302-12308. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0912953109
[36]
Stokstad, E. (2023) High Hopes for Short Corn. Science, 382, 364-367. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adl5302
[37]
Shah, A.N., Tanveer, M., Rehman, A.u., Anjum, S.A., Iqbal, J. and Ahmad, R. (2016) Lodging Stress in Cereal—Effects and Management: An Overview. EnvironmentalScienceandPollutionResearch, 24, 5222-5237. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-8237-1
[38]
Xue, J., Xie, R., Zhang, W., Wang, K., Hou, P., Ming, B., etal. (2017) Research Progress on Reduced Lodging of High-Yield and-Density Maize. JournalofIntegrativeAgriculture, 16, 2717-2725. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2095-3119(17)61785-4
[39]
Zhang, P., Gu, S., Wang, Y., Xu, C., Zhao, Y., Liu, X., etal. (2023) The Relationships between Maize (Zeamays L.) Lodging Resistance and Yield Formation Depend on Dry Matter Allocation to Ear and Stem. TheCropJournal, 11, 258-268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cj.2022.04.020
[40]
Li, W., Ge, F., Qiang, Z., Zhu, L., Zhang, S., Chen, L., etal. (2019) Maize ZmRPH1 Encodes a Microtubule-Associated Protein That Controls Plant and Ear Height. PlantBiotechnologyJournal, 18, 1345-1347. https://doi.org/10.1111/pbi.13292
[41]
Kodama, Y., Suetsugu, N., Kong, S. and Wada, M. (2010) Two Interacting Coiled-Coil Proteins, WEB1 and PMI2, Maintain the Chloroplast Photorelocation Movement Velocity in Arabidopsis. ProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences, 107, 19591-19596. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1007836107
[42]
Kodama, Y., Suetsugu, N. and Wada, M. (2011) Novel Protein-Protein Interaction Family Proteins Involved in Chloroplast Movement Response. PlantSignaling&Behavior, 6, 483-490. https://doi.org/10.4161/psb.6.4.14784
[43]
Luesse, D.R., DeBlasio, S.L. and Hangarter, R.P. (2006) PlastidMovementImpaired2, a New Gene Involved in Normal Blue-Light-Induced Chloroplast Movements in Arabidopsis. PlantPhysiology, 141, 1328-1337. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.106.080333
