This study presents an optimization of the Folin-Ciocalteu spectrophotometric method for the determination of total phenol content. Multivariate optimization using factorial planning 22 with a central point and central composite planning was constructed to evaluate the influence of variables in the process and maximize radiation absorption with minimal radiation scattering caused by solid formation. X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction spectrometry were used to evaluate the chemical composition of solids formed and nephelometric and spectrophotometric studies were also used to evaluate whether the type, origin, dilution and dry extract contents of commercial propolis extracts would significantly influence the increase in radiation scattering and absorption. The optimized methodology added several advantages, such as reduction of reagents, time analysis, and higher accuracy.
References
[1]
Ignat, I., Volf, I. and Popa, V.I. (2011) A Critical Review of Methods for Characterisation of Polyphenolic Compounds in Fruits and Vegetables. FoodChemistry, 126, 1821-1835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.12.026
[2]
Robards, K. and Antolovich, M. (1997) Analytical Chemistry of Fruit Bioflavonoidsa Review. TheAnalyst, 122, 11R-34R. https://doi.org/10.1039/a606499j
[3]
Singleton, V.L. and Rossi, J.A. (1965) Colorimetry of Total Phenolics with Phosphomolybdic-Phosphotungstic Acid Reagents. AmericanJournalofEnologyandViticulture, 16, 144-158. https://doi.org/10.5344/ajev.1965.16.3.144
[4]
Singleton, V.L., Orthofer, R. and Lamuela-Raventós, R.M. (1999) Analysis of Total Phenols and Other Oxidation Substrates and Antioxidants by Means of Folin-Ciocalteu Reagent. MethodsinEnzymology, Elsevier, 299, 152-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0076-6879(99)99017-1
[5]
Roginsky, V. and Lissi, E. (2005) Review of Methods to Determine Chain-Breaking Antioxidant Activity in Food. FoodChemistry, 92, 235-254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.08.004
[6]
Folin, O. and Ciocalteu, V. (1927) On Tyrosine and Tryptophane Determinations in Proteins. JournalofBiologicalChemistry, 73, 627-650. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(18)84277-6
[7]
Everette, J.D., Bryant, Q.M., Green, A.M., Abbey, Y.A., Wangila, G.W. and Walker, R.B. (2010) Thorough Study of Reactivity of Various Compound Classes toward the Folin-Ciocalteu Reagent. JournalofAgriculturalandFoodChemistry, 58, 8139-8144. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf1005935
[8]
Cunha, I.B.S., Sawaya, A.C.H.F., Caetano, F.M., Shimizu, M.T., Marcucci, M.C., Drezza, F.T., etal. (2004) Factors That Influence the Yield and Composition of Brazilian Propolis Extracts. JournaloftheBrazilianChemicalSociety, 15, 964-970. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0103-50532004000600026
[9]
Box, J.D. (1983) Investigation of the Folin-Ciocalteau Phenol Reagent for the Determination of Polyphenolic Substances in Natural Waters. WaterResearch, 17, 511-525. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(83)90111-2
[10]
Lowry, O., Rosebrough, N., Farr, A.L. and Randall, R. (1951) Protein Measurement with the Folin Phenol Reagent. JournalofBiologicalChemistry, 193, 265-275. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(19)52451-6
[11]
Folin, O. and Denis, W. (1912) On Phosphotungstic-Phosphomolybdic Compounds as Color Reagents. JournalofBiologicalChemistry, 12, 239-243. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(18)88697-5
[12]
Swain, T. and Hillis, W.E. (1959) The Phenolic Constituents of Prunus domestica. I.—The Quantitative Analysis of Phenolic Constituents. JournaloftheScienceofFoodandAgriculture, 10, 63-68. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2740100110
[13]
Peterson, G.L. (1979) Review of the Folin Phenol Protein Quantitation Method of Lowry, Rosebrough, Farr and Randall. AnalyticalBiochemistry, 100, 201-220. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(79)90222-7
[14]
Popova, M., Bankova, V., Butovska, D., Petkov, V., Nikolova‐Damyanova, B., Sabatini, A.G., etal. (2004) Validated Methods for the Quantification of Biologically Active Constituents of Poplar‐Type Propolis. PhytochemicalAnalysis, 15, 235-240. https://doi.org/10.1002/pca.777
[15]
Teixeira, É.W., Message, D., Negri, G., Salatino, A. and Stringheta, P.C. (2007) Seasonal Variation, Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Brazilian Propolis Samples. Evidence-BasedComplementaryandAlternativeMedicine, 7, 307-315. https://doi.org/10.1093/ecam/nem177
[16]
Sulaiman, G.M., Sammarrae, K.W.A., Ad’hiah, A.H., Zucchetti, M., Frapolli, R., Bello, E., etal. (2011) Chemical Characterization of Iraqi Propolis Samples and Assessing Their Antioxidant Potentials. FoodandChemicalToxicology, 49, 2415-2421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2011.06.060
[17]
Rebiai, A., Lanez, T. and Belfar, M.L. (2010) In vitro Evaluation of Antioxidant Capacity of Algerian Propolis by Spectrophotometrical and Electrochemical Assays. InternationalJournalofPharmacology, 7, 113-118. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijp.2011.113.118
[18]
Al Naggar, Y., Sun, J., Robertson, A., Giesy, J.P. and Wiseman, S. (2016) Chemical Characterization and Antioxidant Properties of Canadian Propolis. Journal of Apicultural Research, 55, 305-314. https://doi.org/10.1080/00218839.2016.1233700
[19]
Salgueiro, F.B. and Castro, R.N. (2016) Comparação entre a composição química e capacidade antioxidante de diferentes extratos de própolis verde. QuimicaNova, 39, 1192-1199.
[20]
Pazin, W.M., da Mata Mônaco, L., Egea Soares, A.E., Miguel, F.G., Berretta, A.A. and Ito, A.S. (2017) Antioxidant Activities of Three Stingless Bee Propolis and Green Propolis Types. JournalofApiculturalResearch, 56, 40-49. https://doi.org/10.1080/00218839.2016.1263496
[21]
Ebadi, P. and Fazeli, M. (2017) Anti-Photoaging Potential of Propolis Extract in UVB-Irradiated Human Dermal Fibroblasts through Increasing the Expression of FOXO3A and NGF Genes. Biomedicine&Pharmacotherapy, 95, 47-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2017.08.019
[22]
Molnár, S., Mikuska, K., Patonay, K., Sisa, K., Daood, H.G., Némedi, E., etal. (2017) Comparative Studies on Polyphenolic Profile and Antimicrobial Activity of Propolis Samples Selected from Distinctive Geographical Areas of Hungary. FoodScienceandTechnologyInternational, 23, 349-357. https://doi.org/10.1177/1082013217697469
[23]
Hernández Zarate, M.S., Abraham Juárez, M.R., Cerón García, A., Ozuna López, C., Gutiérrez Chávez, A.J., Segoviano Garfias, J.J.N., etal. (2018) Flavonoids, Phenolic Content, and Antioxidant Activity of Propolis from Various Areas of Guanajuato, Mexico. FoodScienceandTechnology, 38, 210-215. https://doi.org/10.1590/fst.29916
[24]
Christina, D., Hermansyah, H., Wijanarko, A., Rohmatin, E., Sahlan, M., Pratami, D.K., etal. (2018). Selection of Propolis Tetragonulasp. Extract Solvent with Flavonoids and Polyphenols Concentration and Antioxidant Activity Parameters. AIPConferenceProceedings, 1933, Article 030020. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5023967
[25]
Escriche, I. and Juan-Borrás, M. (2018) Standardizing the Analysis of Phenolic Profile in Propolis. FoodResearchInternational, 106, 834-841. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2018.01.055
[26]
Sowmya, S., Gujjari, A.K., Mruthunjaya, K., etal. (2019) Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Propolis. JournalofEvolutionofMedicalandDentalSciences, 8, 152-154. https://doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2019/33
[27]
Pobiega, K., Kraśniewska, K., Derewiaka, D. and Gniewosz, M. (2019) Comparison of the Antimicrobial Activity of Propolis Extracts Obtained by Means of Various Extraction Methods. JournalofFoodScienceandTechnology, 56, 5386-5395. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-019-04009-9
[28]
Aghaabbasi, K., Askari, N., Hassani Kumleh, H., Torkzadeh-Mahani, M. and Ramzani-Ghara, A. (2019) The Blepharis Persica Seed Hydroalcoholic Extract Synergistically Enhances the Apoptotic Effect of Doxorubicin in Human Colon Cancer and Gastric Cancer Cells. MolecularBiologyReports, 47, 843-853. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-019-04711-z
[29]
M. Afonso, A., Gonçalves, J., Luís, Â., Gallardo, E. and Duarte, A.P. (2020) Evaluation of the in vitro Wound-Healing Activity and Phytochemical Characterization of Propolis and Honey. AppliedSciences, 10, Article 1845. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10051845
[30]
Asem, N., Abdul Gapar, N.A., Abd Hapit, N.H. and Omar, E.A. (2019) Correlation between Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents with Antioxidant Activity of Malaysian Stingless Bee Propolis Extract. JournalofApiculturalResearch, 59, 437-442. https://doi.org/10.1080/00218839.2019.1684050
[31]
Mahamat, A.A., Nyemb, J.N., Gade, I.S., Ngenge, A.T., Talla, E., Céline, H., etal. (2020) A New Fatty Acid and Some Triterpenoids from Propolis of Nkambe (North-West Region, Cameroon) and Evaluation of the Antiradical Scavenging Activity of Their Extracts. OpenChemistry, 18, 239-243. https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2020-0016
[32]
Dalponte Dallabona, I., de Lima, G.G., Cestaro, B.I., Tasso, I.S., Paiva, T.S., Laureanti, E.J.G., etal. (2020) Development of Alginate Beads with Encapsulated Jabuticaba Peel and Propolis Extracts to Achieve a New Natural Colorant Antioxidant Additive. InternationalJournalofBiologicalMacromolecules, 163, 1421-1432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.256
[33]
Silici, S. and Baysa, M. (2020) Antioxidant, Antiradical and Antipyretic Effects of Olive Oil Extract of Propolis. JournalofApiculturalResearch, 59, 883-889. https://doi.org/10.1080/00218839.2020.1753916
[34]
Hamilton, W.C. (1964) Statistics in Physical Science: Estimation, Hypothesis Testing, and Least Squares. Ronald Press.
[35]
Guide, EURACHEM-CITAC (2000) Quantifying Uncertainty in Analytical Measurement. Laboratory of the Government Chemist, London.
[36]
DQO-CGRE-008 (2020) Orientação sobre validação de métodos analíticos. Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Normalização e Qualidade Industrial (INMETRO).
[37]
Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards (1972) Index to the (Inorganic) Powder Diffraction File.
[38]
Barbeira, P.J.S., Paganotti, R.S.N. and Ássimos, A.A. (2013) Development of a Multivariate Calibration Model for the Determination of Dry Extract Content in Brazilian Commercial Bee Propolis Extracts through UV-Vis Spectroscopy. SpectrochimicaActaPartA: MolecularandBiomolecularSpectroscopy, 114, 441-448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2013.05.009
[39]
Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e do Abastecimento (2001) Regulamento da Identidade e Qualidade de Extrato de Própolis, BRASIL, Instrução normativa No. 3.
[40]
Luo, C., Zou, X., Li, Y., Sun, C., Jiang, Y. and Wu, Z. (2011) Determination of Flavonoids in Propolis-Rich Functional Foods by Reversed Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode Array Detection. FoodChemistry, 127, 314-320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.01.006
[41]
Pellati, F., Orlandini, G., Pinetti, D. and Benvenuti, S. (2011) HPLC-DAD and HPLC-ESI-MS/MS Methods for Metabolite Profiling of Propolis Extracts. JournalofPharmaceuticalandBiomedicalAnalysis, 55, 934-948. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2011.03.024
