The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of carrot leaf powder in the diet on reproductive and growth characteristics in rabbits. Thirty sexually matured rabbits does of 8 months old, 3.00 to 3.20 kg, were divided into three groups of 10 rabbits each, which were comparable in terms of body weight. Throughout the experiment, the rabbits of group 1 (control group) were fed ad libitum with a feed not containing carrot leaf powder (control ration), while those of groups 2 and 3 received the control ration supplemented with carrot leaf powder in concentrations of 0.5% and 1% respectively. Data was collected on feed intake, weight gain, receptivity, fertility, gestation length of does, litter size, weight, viability and sex ratio of the young rabbits till 5 weeks post-partum. There was no significant (P > 0.05) difference in the fertility rate, gestation duration and sex ratio of the kits with reference to the control. Litter size at birth was not significantly (P > 0.05) influenced in does fed diets containing carrot leaf powder compared to the control. However, the reversed effects were observed at five weeks post-partum. The live weight of weaned kits and weight gain of rabbit does at birth were significantly (P < 0.05) increased in treated rabbits compared to the control. The supplementation of carrot leaf powder in feed can improve production performance in female rabbits, through their antioxidant activities thanks to their various components, thus fighting against oxidative stress effects to which animals are exposed both from endogenous and environmental sources.
References
[1]
Gayrard, V. (2007) Physiologie de la reproduction des mammifères. Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Toulouse, 198 p.
[2]
Kubin, M., Wagner, G. and Fugl-Meyer, A.R. (2003) Epidemiology of Erectile Dysfunction. International Journal of Impotence Research, 15, 63-71. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijir.3900949
[3]
Greenfield, J.M. and Donatucci, C.F. (2007) Smoking, Obesity, and Sedentary Lifestyle Linked to Erectile Dysfunction. Nature Clinical Practice Urology, 4, 16-17. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncpuro0652
[4]
Diarra, M.S., Rempel, H., Champagne, J., Masson, L., Pritchard, J. and Topp, E. (2010) Distribution of Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Genes in Enterococcus spp. and Characterization of Isolates from Broiler Chickens. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 76, 8033-8043. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.01545-10
[5]
Garcia-Migura, L., Hendriksen, R.S., Fraile, L. and Aarestrup, F.M. (2014) Antimicrobial Resistance of Zoonotic and Commensal Bacteria in Europe: The Missing Link between Consumption and Resistance in Veterinary Medicine. Veterinary Microbiology, 170, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.01.013
[6]
Forgetta, V., Rempel, H., Malouin, F., Vaillancourt, R., Topp, E., Dewar, K., et al. (2012) Pathogenic and Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia fergusonii from Broiler Chicken. Poultry Science, 91, 512-525. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2011-01738
[7]
Carvalho, I.T. and Santos, L. (2016) Antibiotics in the Aquatic Environments: A Review of the European Scenario. Environment International, 94, 736-757. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2016.06.025
[8]
Gonzalez Ronquillo, M. and Angeles Hernandez, J.C. (2017) Antibiotic and Synthetic Growth Promoters in Animal Diets: Review of Impact and Analytical Methods. Food Control, 72, 255-267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.03.001
[9]
Knarreborg, A., Simon, M.A., Engberg, R.M., Jensen, B.B. and Tannock, G.W. (2002) Effects of Dietary Fat Source and Subtherapeutic Levels of Antibiotic on the Bacterial Community in the Ileum of Broiler Chickens at Various Ages. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 68, 5918-5924. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.68.12.5918-5924.2002
[10]
Casewell, M. (2003) The European Ban on Growth-Promoting Antibiotics and Emerging Consequences for Human and Animal Health. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 52, 159-161. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkg313
[11]
Çabuk, M., Bozkurt, M., Alçiçek, A., Akbaþ, Y. and Küçükyýlmaz, K. (2006) Effect of a Herbal Essential Oil Mixture on Growth and Internal Organ Weight of Broilers from Young and Old Breeder Flocks. South African Journal of Animal Science, 36, 135-141. https://doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v36i2.3996
[12]
Anak, A.P.P., Bidura, I.G., Sumadi, I.K., Siti, N.W. and Nuriyasa, I.M. (2021) Effect of Carrot Leaf Juice for Growth Promotion and Biocontrol of Pathogenic Bacteria in DUKS. World Journal of Advance Healthcare Research, 5, 6-12.
[13]
Kale, B.P., Kothekar, M.A., Tayade, H.P., Jaju, J.B. and Mateeddin, M. (2003) Effect of Aqueous Extract of Azadirachta indica Leaves on Hepatotoxicity Induced by Antitubercular Drugs in Rats. Indian Journal of Pharmacology, 35, 177-180.
[14]
Chowdhury, N., Islam, W. and Khalequzzaman, M. (1970) Insecticidal Activities of Stem Bark Extracts from Vitex negundo L. against Triboliumcastaneum (Herbst). Journal of Bio-Science, 17, 63-70. https://doi.org/10.3329/jbs.v17i0.7103
[15]
Abshenas, J., homayoon, B., Zare, M.H., Asie, A. and Faradi, S. (2011) The Effects of Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) Extract on Mouse Semen Quality after Scrotal Heat Stress. Veterinary Research Forum, 2, 242-247.
[16]
Raji, L.O., Fayemi, O.E., Ameen, S.A. and Jagun, A.T. (2012) The Effect of Aqueous Extract of Allium savium (Garlic) on Some Aspects of Reproduction in the Female Albino Rat (Wistar Strain). Global Veterinaria, 8, 414-420.
[17]
Adaay, A. and Mosa, A.R. (2012) Evaluation of the Effect of Aqueous Extract of Tribulus Terrestris on Some Reproductive Parameters in Female Mice. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 3, 1153-1162.
[18]
Adewale, O.O., Oduyemi, O.I. and Ayokunle, O. (2014) Oral Administration of Leaf Extracts of Momordica Charantia Affect Reproductive Hormones of Adult Female Wistar Rats. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 4, S521-S524. https://doi.org/10.12980/apjtb.4.2014c939
[19]
Boudou, F., Berroukche, A., Bendahmane-Salmi, M., Kandouci, B.A., Edinne Houari adli, D. and Tou, N. (2013) Ameliorative Effects of Syzygium aromaticum Essential Oil on Fertility in Male Rats Exposed to Manganese. Advances in Sexual Medicine, 3, 85-91. https://doi.org/10.4236/asm.2013.34013
[20]
Ngoula, F., Nouboudem, S.C., Kenfack, A., Tadondjou, C.D., Kana, J.R., Kouam, J.M., Tchoumboue, J., et al. (2014) Effect of Guava (Psiduim guajava) Leaves Essential Oil on Some Reproductive Parameters in Male Guinea Pig (Cavia porcellus). Biological Systems Open Access, 3, Article ID: 1000125.
[21]
Goneim, G., Ibrahim, F. and El-Shehawy, S. (2011) Carrot Leaves: Antioxidative and Nutritive Values. Journal of Food and Dairy Sciences, 2, 201-211. https://doi.org/10.21608/jfds.2011.81946
[22]
Tanaka, T., Shnimizu, M. and Moriwaki, H. (2012) Cancer Chemoprevention by Carotenoids. Molecules, 17, 3202-3242. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules17033202
[23]
Zafar, I., Afifa, S., Muhammad, U.S., Mehroz, A.K., Abeera, Z. and Sumayya, N. (2021) Extraction of Volatile Components from the Leaves of Red Carrot and Its Free Radical Scavenging Activity. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 10, 10-25.
[24]
Pereira, G.I.S., Pereira, R.G.F.A., Barcelos, M.D.F.P. and Morais, A.R.D. (2003) Avaliação química da folha de cenoura visando ao seu aproveitamento na alimentação humana. Ciência e Agrotecnologia, 27, 852-857. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1413-70542003000400017
[25]
Adnan, W.H.A.L.M., Shaymaa, M.A.L.S. and Hameed, A.H.A.H. (2019) The Effect of Phenolic Compounds Extracted from Carrot Plant and Assess Their Effectiveness as Antioxidant. Plant Archives, 10, 864-868.
[26]
Ndhlala, A.R., Moyo, M. and Van Staden, J. (2010) Natural Antioxidants: Fascinating or Mythical Biomolecules? Molecules, 15, 6905-6930. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15106905
[27]
Augspole, I., Rackejeva, T., Kruma, Z. and Dimins F. (2014) Shredded Carrots Quality Providing by Treatment with Hydrogen Peroxide. 9th Baltic Conference on “Food for Consumer Well-Being” FOODBALT, Jelgava, 8-9 May 2014, 150-154.
[28]
Mary Momo, C.M., Markhous A, M.T., Herv&eacut, T., Narcisse, V.B., Noel Berti, N.M., Sorelle, D.N., et al. (2023) Effects of Spirulina (Spirulina platensis) Powder Supplementation in Feed on Reproductive Performance in Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) Does. Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 18, 113-120. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajava.2023.113.120
[29]
Djuissi, N.M., Ngoula, F., Kouamo, J., Vemo, N.B., Nono, M.F.S., Lontio, A.F., et al. (2021) Reproductive Characteristics, Serum Metabolites, and Oxidative Status in Female Guinea Pigs (Cavia porcellus) Fed with Ethanolic Extract of Dichrostachys Glomerata Fruit. World’s Veterinary Journal, 11, 66-72. https://doi.org/10.54203/scil.2021.wvj9
[30]
Sorelle, D.N., Ferdinand, N., Herve, T., Laura, M.N.J., Narcisse, V.B. and Joseph, T. (2020) Protective Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Spirulina Platensis on Reproductive Characteristic and Biochemical Profile in Female Guinea Pig (Cavia porcellus) Exposed to Lead Acetate. Journal of Experimental Agriculture International, 42, 37-46. https://doi.org/10.9734/jeai/2020/v42i230468
[31]
Dorice, A.K., Achile, P.E., Sorelle, D.N., Hervé, T., Momo, C.M., Ngwasiri, N.N., et al. (2023) Biochemical Parameters and Reproductive Traits in Female Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) Exposed to Psidium guajava Leaf Aqueous Extract. Journal of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology, 38, 151-157. https://doi.org/10.12750/jarb.38.3.151
[32]
Ousmane, I.A.D., Ngoula, F., Issa, Y.A., Tchoffo, T., Vemo, B.N. and Madjina, T. (2019) Reproductive Characteristics of Male Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) Fed on Spirulina (Spirulina platensis) Hydro-Ethanolic Extract. Open Access Journal of Veterinary Science & Research, 4, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.23880/oajvsr-16000180
[33]
Razafindrajaona, J.M., Rakotozandriny, J.N., Randria, J.N. and Ramampiherika, K.D. (2008) Etude de la performance nutritionnelle de la spiruline de Madagascar (Spirulina platensis, variété Toliarensis) sur la souris. ERAILS Madagascar.
[34]
Ngoshe, A.A., Igwebuike, J.U. and Adamu, S.B. (2012) Effects of Feeding Carrot (Daucus carota L) Leaf Meal on Haematology, Blood Chemistry and Carcass Characteristics of Growing Rabbits in a Semi-Arid Environment of Borno State of Nigeria. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 12, 12-19. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2013.12.19
[35]
Abdu, S.B., Jokthan, G.E., Hassan, M.R., Adamu, H.Y., Yashim, S.M. and Ikani, E. (2012) Effects of Inclusion Levels of Carrot Leaf Meal on Performance of Growing Rabbits. World Journal of Life Sciences and Medical Research, 2, 65-70.
[36]
Steenfeldt, S., Kjaer, J.B. and Engberg, R.M. (2007) Effect of Feeding Silages or Carrots as Supplements to Laying Hens on Production Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Gut Structure, Gut Microflora and Feather Pecking Behaviour. British Poultry Science, 48, 454-468. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071660701473857
[37]
Rizal, Y., Mahata, M.E., Andriani, M. and Wu, G. (2010) Utilization of Juice Wastes as Corn Replacement in the Broiler Diet. International Journal of Poultry Science, 9, 886-889. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2010.886.889
[38]
Esam, B.W. (2020) Effect of Using Carrot (Daucus carota) Powder in Broiler Ration as a Growth Promoter to Produce Safe Meat. Master’s Thesis, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University.
[39]
Lieberman, S. (1996) Are the Differences between Estradiol and Other Estrogens, Naturally Occurring or Synthetic, Merely Semantical? Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 81, 850-851. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.81.2.850
[40]
Couchman, G.M. and Hammond, C.B. (1999) Clinical Anatomy of the Female. In: Sott, J.R., Ed., Danforth’s Obstetrics and Gynecology (8th Edition), Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 19-28.
[41]
Akinola, O., Oladosu, O. and Dosumu, O. (2007) Spermatoprotective Activity of the Leaf Extract of Psidium Guajava Linn. Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal, 14, 273-276. https://doi.org/10.4103/1117-1936.180357
[42]
Uboh, F. (2010) Effect of Aqueous Extract of Psidium Guajava Leaves on Liver Enzymes, Histological Integrity and Hematological Indices in Rats. Gastroenterology Research, 3, 32-38. https://doi.org/10.4021/gr2010.02.174w
[43]
James, W.H. (2001) The Data Sources Which May Help Strengthen the Epidemiological Evidence for the Hormonal Hypothesis of Sex Determination in Man. Human Reproduction, 16, 1081-1085. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/16.6.1081
[44]
Davis, D.L., Gottlieb, M.B. and Stampnitzky, J.R. (1998) Reduced Ratio of Male to Female Births in Several Industrial Countries. JAMA, 279, 1018-1023. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.279.13.1018