Incorporating sustainable development into carbon forest projects in Brazil and Bolivia

can the clean development mechanism (cdm) bring local sustainable development benefits to low-income communities? cdm carbon forest projects may displace local peoples; plantations may cause environmental damage. but ？win-win？ outcomes addressing both carbon emissions reductions and poverty alleviation may exist. empirical findings from brazil and bolivia illustrate that pilot schemes had only limited sustainable development benefits. top-down and with inadequate local stakeholder participation, they faced a number of barriers to sustainability. but they offered valuable learning opportunities, insights for future projects. guidelines are offered for integrating socio-economic concerns in global environmental projects.