Alcances y límites del paradigma de las "revoluciones hispánicas"

the author of the article "en el bicentenario: consideraciones en torno al paradigma de fran？ois-xavier guerra sobre las 'revoluciones hispánicas'" ("the bicentennial: considerations on fran？ois-xavier guerra's paradigm regarding the 'hispanic revolutions'") responds to the roberto bre？a's written reply to that text. this reply addresses the following issues: first, the relationship between robert palmer and jacques godechot's paradigm of "atlantic revolutions" and that of "hispanic revolutions"; secondly, the similarities between french revolution revisionism and the political-cultural history of spanish-american independence; thirdly, fran？ois-xavier guerra's failure to take into account important trends in the historiography of the independence; and, finally, the adequate and inadequate uses of counterfactual history.