Physicists have long suggested that the four observed fundamental forces of nature are separate manifestations of what was once a single force at times close to the Big Bang. If so, magnitude of the unified force can be assumed to be equal to.Strength of any interaction can be defined as the ratio of the operating force magnitude and the magnitude of...

Atomic Physics  Particle Physics  Modern Physics  Quantum Mechanics  Nuclear Physics  Theoretical Physics 

Doi:10.4236/oalib.preprints.1200071

During E-CAT test run some hidden and unknown energy is being coming out in the form of heat energy in large quantity.  Based on the principle of conservation of energy and from the well-known nuclear fusion and fission reactions it is possible to guess that, the E-CAT hidden energy may be in the form of binding of protons and neutrons of the Nickel and Lithium atomic nuclei. By considering the nuclear binding energies of ...

Mineralogy  Nuclear Physics  Nuclear Engineering 

Doi:10.4236/oalib.preprints.1200068