In this study we focus on kidney-transplanted patients in order to investigate the correlation between immunodeficiency (ID) induced by immunosuppressive treatments and the incidence of solid multiple primary malignancies (MPM). Material of study: From 1980 to 2010 we followed up 1000 kidney-transplanted patients (637M, 363F). This group was homogeneous for age, immunology (e.g. miss-match index), number of rejection events and for immunosuppressive therapy. Results: Out of 1000 kidney-transplanted patients we observed 70 patients (53M, 17F) with cancer disease and in 22 of them a multiple cancer has been found. Most of multiple cancer were synchronous and the association between cancer and rejection episodes were not significant. Discussion: In general population 1 out of 9 patients with a cancer would develop a second neoplasia during the course of his life, so, it would be logical to conclude that, from a merely theoretical and statistical point of view, long term transplanted patients potentially have a higher risk to develop MPM. But our series and literature review did not confirm it, probably because these patients die before the appearance of a second primary malignancy. Conclusions: Despite many observations regarding different types of tumors/pre-cancerous lesions and their increased incidence in ID patients and despite the fact that immune suppression is a predisposing factor for the multicancer syndrome, at least theoretically, nowadays there are no significant statistical data favouring a correlation between ID and MPM in kidney transplanted patients.
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