Efficacy of 2-phenoxyethanol for redline torpedo fish exposed to five concentrations (200, 300, 400, 500, and 600？μlL？1) was evaluated. The time periods necessary for each characteristic stage of induction and recovery were recorded. Results indicated that the induction time of the fish exposed to five anaesthetic concentrations significantly decreased with increasing concentration but recovery time was independent of concentration. Concentration of 500？μlL？1 (induction time: 173 ± 7 and recovery time: 129 ± 41 seconds) was determined as the minimum effective concentration that induces anaesthesia in less than 3 minutes. 1. Introduction Anaesthesia is an effective method to minimize stress or physical damage caused during handling, transport, grading, weighing, and induction of spawning [1]. L. G. Ross and B. Ross [2] defined anaesthesia as a state caused by an applied external agent resulting in a loss of sensation through depression of the nervous system. The use of anaesthetics is primarily for the purpose of holding fish immobile while the animal is being handled for experiments. When choosing an anaesthetic, a number of considerations should be taken into account such as its efficacy, cost, availability, ease of use, and side effects on fish, humans, and the environment [3, 4]. Presently, there are many anaesthetics available for aquatic animals, including MS-222, benzocaine, quinaldine, chlorobutanol, 2-phenoxyethanol, eugenol, and metomidate [3]. 2-Phenoxyethanol is relatively inexpensive and remains viable in long-term exposure [5] and is also easily available compared to other anaesthetics. Deacon et al. [6] recommended 2-phenoxyethanol as a highly suitable anaesthetic for repeatedly exposed fishes. Over the last three decades, studies have evaluated the anaesthetic efficacy of 2-phenoxyethanol in various fish species [7–14]. According to Topic Popovic et al. [15], it is necessary to have a better understanding of safety margins, induction, and recovery times for many fish species in order to achieve optimal application. Sahyadria denisonii (or Puntius denisonii), an ornamental fish popularly known as redline torpedo fish or Miss Kerala, is endemic to the rivers flowing through the Western Ghats hotspots of India. The species is much sought after in the international ornamental fish trade and is listed as “Endangered” in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species [16]. Captive breeding is considered to be one of the solutions for ensuring sustainability and conserving wild populations of this endangered species [17]. In fisheries, various
References
[1]
G. L. Ross and B. Ross, Anaesthetic and Sedative Techniques for Aquatic Animals, Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, UK, 3rd edition, 2008.
[2]
L. G. Ross and B. Ross, Anesthetic and Sedative Techniques for Aquatic Animals, vol. 58, Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, 1999.
[3]
L. L. Marking and F. P. Meyer, “A better fish anaesthetics needed in fisheries,” Fisheries, vol. l0, no. 6, pp. 2–5, 1985.
[4]
C. C. Mylonas, G. Cardinaletti, I. Sigelaki, and A. Polzonetti-Magni, “Comparative efficacy of clove oil and 2-phenoxyethanol as anesthetics in the aquaculture of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) at different temperatures,” Aquaculture, vol. 246, no. 1–4, pp. 467–481, 2005.
[5]
H. Kaiser and N. Vine, “The effect of 2-Phenoxyethanol and transport packing density on the post-transport survival rate and metabolic activity in the goldfish (Carassius auratus),” Aquarium Sciences and Conservation, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1–7, 1998.
[6]
N. Deacon, H. White, and T. Hecht, “Isolation of the effective concentration of 2-phenoxyethanol for anaesthesia in the spotted grunter, Pomadasys commersonnii, and its effect on growth,” Aquarium Sciences and Conservation, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 19–27, 1997.
[7]
P. A. Gilderhus and L. L. Marking, “Comparative efficacy of 16 anesthetic chemicals on rainbow trout,” North American Journal of Fisheries Management, vol. 7, pp. 288–292, 1987.
[8]
N. S. Mattson and T. H. Riple, “Metomidate, a better anesthetic for cod (Gadus morhua) in comparison with benzocaine, MS-222, chlorobutanol, and phenoxyethanol,” Aquaculture, vol. 83, no. 1-2, pp. 89–94, 1989.
[9]
O. Weyl, H. Kaiser, and T. Hecht, “On the efficacy and mode of action of 2-phenoxyethanol as an anaesthetic for goldfish, Carassius auratus (L.), at different temperatures and concentrations,” Aquaculture Research, vol. 27, no. 10, pp. 757–764, 1996.
[10]
J. R. Hseu, S. L. Yeh, Y. T. Chu, and Y. Y. Ting, “Comparison of efficacy of five anaesthetic gold lined sea bream, Sparus sarba,” Acta Zoologica et Taiwanica, vol. 9, pp. 35–41, 1998.
[11]
R. Kaminski, L. Myszkowski, and J. Wolnicki, “The secrets of 2-phenoxyethanol. IV. Induction and recovery times of early life stages of cyprinids,” Komun. Ryb., vol. 2, pp. 10–11, 2000.
[12]
R. A. Weber, J. B. Peleteiro, L. O. G. Martín, and M. Aldegunde, “The efficacy of 2-phenoxyethanol, metomidate, clove oil and MS-222 as anaesthetic agents in the Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis Kaup 1858),” Aquaculture, vol. 288, no. 1-2, pp. 147–150, 2009.
[13]
H. B. Pawar, S. V. Sanaye, R. A. Sreepada, V. Harish, U. Suryavanshi, and Z. A. Ansari, “Comparative efficacy of four anaesthetic agents in the yellow seahorse, Hippocampus kuda (Bleeker, 1852),” Aquaculture, vol. 311, no. 1–4, pp. 155–161, 2011.
[14]
S. Sajan, V. R. Sreenath, T. V. A. Mercy, and S. Syama, “The efficacy of 2- phenoxyethanol as anaesthetic for juvenile Pearl spot, Etroplus suratensis (Bloch),” Asian Fisheries Science, vol. 26, pp. 178–184, 2013.
[15]
N. Topic Popovic, I. Strunjak-Perovic, R. Coz-Rakovac et al., “Tricaine methane-sulfonate (MS-222) application in fish anaesthesia,” Journal of Applied Ichthyology, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 553–564, 2012.
[16]
A. Ali, N. Dahanukar, and R. Raghavan, “Puntius denisonii. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.1,” http://www.iucnredlist.org.
[17]
S. Sajan, V. Malika, and T. V. Anna Mercy, “Use of an eco-friendly anaesthetic in the handling of Puntius denisonii (Day, 1865): an endemic ornamental barb of the Western Ghats of India,” Indian Journal of Fisheries, vol. 59, no. 3, pp. 131–135, 2012.
[18]
T. V. A. Mercy, V. Malika, and S. Sajan, “Use of tricaine methanesulfonate (MS 222) to induce anaesthesia in Puntius denisonii (Day, 1865) (Teleostei: Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae)—an endangered barb of the Western Ghats Hotspot, India,” Journal of Threatened Taxa, vol. 5, pp. 4414–4419, 2013.
[19]
T. V. A. Mercy, V. Malika, and S. Sajan, “Breakthrough in breeding of Puntius denisonii,” Infofish International, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 14–17, 2010.
[20]
APHA, Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, American Public Health Association, Washington, DC, USA, 18th edition, 1992.
[21]
R. Trzebiatowski, K. Stepanowska, A. K. Siwicki, and K. Kazun, “The observations of Propiscin efficiency for total anaesthetisation of Wels (Silurus glanis),” Komunikaty Rybackie, vol. 1, pp. 14–18, 1996.
[22]
R. C. Summerfelt and L. S. Smith, “Anesthesia, surgery, and related techniques,” in Methods for Fish Biology, C. B. Schreck and P. B. Moyle, Eds., pp. 213–272, American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Md, USA, 1990.
[23]
J. H. Zar, Bio-Statistical Analysis, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, NJ, USA, 4th edition, 1999.
[24]
J. Hamackova, A. Lepicova, A. Kozak, Z. Stupka, J. Kouril, and P. Lepic, “The efficacy of various anaesthetics in tench (Tinca tinca L.) related to water temperature,” Veterinarni Medicina, vol. 49, no. 12, pp. 467–472, 2004.
[25]
H. Tsantilas, A. D. Galatos, F. Athanassopoulou, N. N. Prassinos, and K. Kousoulaki, “Efficacy of 2-phenoxyethanol as an anaesthetic for two size classes of white sea bream, Diplodus sargus L., and sharp snout sea bream, Diplodus puntazzo C,” Aquaculture, vol. 253, no. 1–4, pp. 64–70, 2006.
[26]
K. Gokcek and F. Ogretmen, “Comparative efficacy of three anesthetic agents in Himri Barbel, Carasobarbus luteus (Heckel, 1843) under controlled conditions,” Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, vol. 10, no. 25, pp. 3350–3355, 2011.
[27]
L. A. K. Inoue, C. S. Neto, and M. Moraes, “Standardization of 2-phenoxyethanol as anesthetic for juvenile Brycon cephalus (Gunther, 1869): the use in field procedures,” Clinical Rural, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 563–565, 2004.
[28]
J. J. J. Bernardes, F. K. Nakagome, F. L. de Mello, S. Garcia, and A. J. Hilton, “Eugenol as an anaesthetic for juvenile common snook,” Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, vol. 48, no. 8, pp. 1140–1144, 2013.
[29]
C. A. Woody, J. Nelson, and K. Ramstad, “Clove oil as an anaesthetic for adult sockeye salmon: field trials,” Journal of Fish Biology, vol. 60, no. 2, pp. 340–347, 2002.
[30]
M. Gullian and J. Villanueva, “Efficacy of tricaine methanesulphonate and clove oil as anaesthetics for juvenile cobia Rachycentron canadum,” Aquaculture Research, vol. 40, no. 7, pp. 852–860, 2009.
[31]
P. K. Pramod, A. Ramachandran, T. P. Sajeevan, S. Thampy, and S. S. Pai, “Comparative efficacy of MS-222 and benzocaine as anaesthetics under simulated transport conditions of a tropical ornamental fish Puntius filamentosus (Valenciennes),” Aquaculture Research, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 309–314, 2010.
[32]
H. Bambang, Application of clove oil as anaesthetic for sae bass (Lates calcarifer, Bloch) [Msc. Thesis], Department of Aquaculture, Kasetsart University, 2003.
