A versatile Hall magnetometer has been developed, manufactured, calibrated, and turned operational for measurements of the magnetic properties of bulk materials and magnetic micro- and nanoparticles. The magnetometer was constructed from the combination of various equipments, which was usually available in most laboratories, such as a Hall effect sensor, an electromagnet, a current source, and a linear actuator. The achieved sensitivity to the magnetic moment was approximately 10-8 Am2. The results were compared to measurements performed with commercial vibrating-sample magnetometers and superconductor quantum interference devices (SQUID) and showed errors of around 1.7% and a standard deviation of 1.2% in relation to measures themselves. The constructed Hall magnetometer records a magnetic hysteresis loop of up to 1.2 T at room temperature. This magnetometer is cost-effective, versatile, and suitable for research.
References
[1]
Fisli, A., Yusuf, S., Ridwan, Krisnandi, Y.K. and Gunlazuardi, J. (2014) Preparation and Characterization of Magnetite-Silica Nano-Composite as Adsorbents for Removal of Methylene Blue Dyes from Environmental Water Samples. Advanced Materials Research, 896, 525-531. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.896.525
[2]
Brown, D.R., Han, K. and Siegrist, T. (2014) Hard Magnetic Properties Observed in Bulk Mn1-xGax. Journal of Applied Physics, 115, Article ID: 17A723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4864141
[3]
Saari, M.M., Sakai, K., Kiwa, T., Sasayama, T., Yoshida, T. and Tsukada, K. (2015) Characterization of the Magnetic Moment Distribution in Low-Concentration Solutions of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles by a High-Tc Superconducting Quantum Interference Device Magnetometer. Journal of Applied Physics, 117, Article ID: 17B321.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4919043
[4]
Morello, A., Angenent, W.G.J., Frossati, G. and Jongh, L.J. (2005) Automated and Versatile SQUID Magnetometer for the Measurement of Materials Properties at Millikelvin Temperatures. Review of Scientific Instruments, 76, Article ID: 023902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1841831
[5]
Foner, S. (1959) Versatile and Sensitive Vibrating—Sample Magnetometer. Review of Scientific Instruments, 30, 548.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1716679
[6]
Lim, J.T. and Kim, C.S. (2014) Magnetic Properties of Zn Doped Co2Y Hexaferrite by Using High-Field Mossbauer Spectroscopy. Journal of Applied Physics, 115, Article ID: 17A516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4865879
[7]
Teixeira, J.M., Lusche, R., Ventura, J., Fermento, R., Carpinteiro, F., Araujo, J.P., Sousa, J.B., Cardodo, S. and Freitas, P.P. (2011) Versatile, High Sensitivity, and Automatized Angular Dependent Vectorial Kerr Magnetometer for the Analysis of Nanostructured Materials. Review of Scientific Instruments, 82, Article ID: 043902.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3579497
[8]
Byrnes, W.S. and Crawford, R.G. (1958) Improved Torque Magnetometer. Review of Scientific Instruments, 29, 493.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1723195
[9]
Gerhardter, F., Li, Y. and Baberschke, K. (1993) Temperature-Dependent Ferromagnetic-Resonance Study in Ultrahigh Vacuum: Magnetic Anisotropies of Thin Iron Films. Physical Review B, 47, 11204-11210.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.47.11204
[10]
Masti, M., Lehtonen, J., Perala, R., Mikkonen, R., Soderlund, L. and Seppala, P. (2005) Hall Sensor Magnetometer for Ac Characterization of High Temperature Superconducting Tapes. Measurement Science and Technology, 16, 1092-1098. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/16/5/007
[11]
Viehmann, W. (1962) Magnetometer Based on the Hall Effect. Review of Scientific Instruments, 33, 537.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1717911
[12]
Kent, A.D., Von Molnar, S., Gider, S. and Awschalom, D.D. (1994) Properties and Measurement of Scanning Tunneling Microscope Fabricated Ferromagnetic Particle Arrays (Invited). Journal of Applied Physics, 76, 6656-6660.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.358160
[13]
Li, Y., Xiong, P., Molnar, S., Ohno, Y. and Ohno, H. (2003) Magnetization Reversal of Iron Nanoparticles Studied by Submicron Hall Magnetometry. Journal of Applied Physics, 93, 7912-7914. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1557827
[14]
Pinto, J.F., Machado, F.L.A. and Rodrigues, A.R. (2012) Hall Magnetometry in a Closed-Cycle Refrigerator. Revista Mexicana de fisica, 58, 245-248. http://rmf.smf.mx/pdf/rmf-s/58/2/58_2_245.pdf
[15]
AKM User Manual, Model HG-166A. http://www.gmw.com/magnetic_sensors/asahi/documents/hg-166a_gmw.pdf
[16]
Keithley User Manual, Model: 6220. (2005)
[17]
Keithley User Manual, Model: 2182A Nanovoltmeter. (2004)
[18]
Ornelas, P.H., Bruno, A.C., Barbosa, C.H., Lima, E.A. and Ribeiro, P.C. (2002) A Survey of Calibration Procedures for SQUID Gradiometers. Superconductor Science and Technology, 16, 427-431.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-2048/16/4/301
Bladel, J.V. (1964) Electromagnetic Fields. McGraw-Hill, New York.
[21]
Crangle, J. and Goodman G.M. (1971) The Magnetization of Pure Iron and Nickel. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 321, 477-491. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1971.0044
Laurent, S., Forge, D., Port, M., Roch, A., Robic, C., Elst, L.V. and Muller, R.N. (2008) Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Stabilization, Vectorization, Physicochemical Characterizations, and Biological Applications. Chemical Review, 108, 2064-2110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr068445e
[24]
Vayssières, L., Chanéac, C., Tronc, E. and Jolivet, J.P. (1998) Size Tailoring of Magnetite Particles Formed by Aqueous Precipitation: An Example of Thermodynamic Stability of Nanometric Oxide Particles. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 205, 205-212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jcis.1998.5614
[25]
Caruanaa, L., Costa, A.L., Cassani, M.C., Rampazzo, E., Prodi, L. and Zaccheroni, N. (2012) Tailored SiO2 Based Coatings for Dye Doped Superparamagnetic Nanocomposites. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 410, 111-118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2012.06.027
[26]
Green, D.L., Lin, J.S., Lam, Y., Hu, M., Shaefer, D.W. and Harris, M.T. (2003) Size, Volume Fraction, and Nucleation of Stöber Silica Nanoparticles. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 266, 346-358.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9797(03)00610-6