Pure triglycine sulphate (TGS) and LiSO4-doped TGS crystals were grown from aqueous solution by natural evaporation method. The grown crystals were characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy, electrical conductivity ( ) measurement, dielectric studies, microhardness, and thermogravimetry/differential thermal analysis. Pure TGS and LiSO4-doped TGS crystals were found highly transparent and full faced. The direct current conductivity is found to increase with temperature as well as dopant concentrations. Curie temperature remains the same for pure and doped crystals, but dielectric constant and dielectric loss increase with dopant concentration. The Vicker’s microhardness of the LiSO4-doped TGS crystals along (001) face is found higher than that of pure TGS crystals. Etching studies illustrate the quality of the doped crystal. The experimental results evidence the suitability of the grown crystal for optoelectronic applications. 1. Introduction Triglycine sulphate, (NH2CH2COOH)3 H2SO4, crystal is considered as one of the potential materials for its wide range of applications, namely, UV tunable laser, second harmonic generation, and pyroelectric infrared sensors due to its high pyroelectric coefficient, optical transmission, and reasonably low dielectric constant [1–4]. It is a hydrogen-bonded ferroelectric crystal having a typical second-order phase transition at Curie temperature of 49°C [5–7]. TGS has a major disadvantage that it depolarized by thermal, mechanical, and electrical means. In order to overcome this difficulty, several studies have been attempted with different organic and inorganic dopants to achieve effective internal bias to stabilize the domains and desired pyroelectric and ferroelectric properties of TGS crystals [8–13]. Alkali halides such as NaBr and KBr-doped TGS crystals were grown, and the effects of the dopant have been investigated [14, 15]. Metal ion dopants have been added to modify the properties of TGS crystal [16, 17]. In the literature, only limited information is available about the behavior of TGS doped with Lithium [18]. Lithium reacts with water easily and noticeably with less energy than other alkali metals. Li+1 ion has 90?pm ionic radius, so it can easily reside into the lattice site of the TGS crystal and it can modify the electrical, mechanical, thermal, and surface morphology of TGS crystals. In the present work, LiSO4 is used as a dopant to see its effect on the property of TGS crystal. 2. Experimental Methods 2.1. Synthesis and Crystal Growth Analar Reagent (AR) grade glycine and concentrated sulphuric acid (H2SO4)
References
[1]
R. B. Lal and A. K. Batra, “Growth and properties of triglycine sulfate (TGS) crystals: review,” Ferroelectrics, vol. 142, pp. 51–82, 1993.
[2]
H. P. Beerman, “Improvement in the pyroelectric infrared radiation detector,” vol. 2, pp. 123–128.
[3]
S. Kielich, “Nonlinear optical and electro-optical properties of dielectrics and ferroelectrics,” Ferroelectrics, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 257–282, 1973.
[4]
G. Dolino, J. Lajzerowicz, and M. Vallade, “Second-harmonic light scattering by domains in ferroelectric triglycine sulfate,” Physical Review B, vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 2194–2200, 1970.
[5]
M. E. Lines and A. M. Glass, Principles and Application of Ferroelectric and Related Materials, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 1977.
[6]
Landolt-Bornstein, Crystal and Solid State Physics, New series, Group III, vol. 3, Springer, New York, NY, USA, 1969.
[7]
S. Hoshino, Y. Okaya, and R. Pepinsky, “Crystal structure of the ferroelectric phase of ,” Physical Review, vol. 115, no. 2, pp. 323–330, 1959.
[8]
V. N. Shut, I. F. Kashevich, and S. R. Syrtsov, “Ferroelectric properties of triglycine sulfate crystals with a nonuniform distribution of chromium impurities,” Physics of the Solid State, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 118–121, 2008.
[9]
P. Selvarajan, A. T. H. Sivadhas, T. H. Freeda, and C. K. Mahadevan, “Growth, XRD and dielectric properties of triglycine sulfo-phosphate (TGSP) crystals added with magnesium sulfate,” Physica B, vol. 403, pp. 4205–4208, 2008.
[10]
X. Sun, M. Wang, Q. W. Pan, W. Shi, and C. S. Fang, “Study on the growth and properties of guanidine doped triglycine sulfate crystal,” Crystal Research and Technology, vol. 34, no. 10, pp. 1251–1254, 1999.
[11]
K. Biedrzycki, “Energy distribution of electron emission from L-α alanine doped TGS single crystals,” Solid State Communications, vol. 118, no. 3, pp. 141–144, 2001.
[12]
G. Su, Y. He, H. Yao, Z. Shi, and Q. Wu, “New pyroelectric crystal L-lysine-doped TGS (LLTGS),” Journal of Crystal Growth, vol. 209, no. 1, pp. 220–222, 2000.
[13]
S. Aravazhi, R. Jayavel, and C. Subramanian, “Growth and characterization of benzophenone and urea doped triglycine sulphate crystals,” Ferroelectrics, vol. 200, no. 1–4, pp. 279–286, 1997.
[14]
N. T. Shanthi, P. Selvarajan, and C. K. Mahadevan, “Studies on Triglycine Sulfate (TGS) crystals doped with sodium bromide NaBr grown by solution method,” Indian Journal of Science and Technology, vol. 3, pp. 49–52, 2009.
[15]
F. Khanum and J. Podder, “Structural and optical properties of triglycine sulfate single crystals doped with potassium bromide,” Journal of Crystallization Process and Technology, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 26–31, 2011.
[16]
M. A. Gaffar and A. Abu El-Fadl, “Effect of doping and irradiation on optical parameters of triglycine sulphate single crystals,” Crystal Research and Technology, vol. 34, no. 7, pp. 915–923, 1999.
[17]
F. Khanum and J. Podder, “Crystallization and characterization of triglycine sulfate (TGS) crystal doped with NiSO4,” Journal of Crystallization Process and Technology, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 15–22, 2011.
[18]
C. S. Fang, Y. Xi, A. S. Bhalla, and L. E. Cross, “Growth and properties of manganese and lithium doped TGS crystals,” Materials Research Bulletin, vol. 18, no. 9, pp. 1095–1100, 1983.
[19]
K. Balasubramanian and P. Selvarajan, “Studies on growth, XRD and various properties of triglycine sulfate (TGS) crystals doped with copper sulphate,” Recent Research in Science and Technology, vol. 2, pp. 6–13, 2010.
[20]
C. K. Mahadevan, “DC electrical conductivity measurements on KCl and KNO3-added single crystals,” Physica B, vol. 403, no. 1, pp. 57–60, 2008.
[21]
M. Banan, R. B. Lal, and A. Batra, “Modified triglycine sulphate (TGS) single crystals for pyroelectric infrared detector applications,” Journal of Materials Science, vol. 27, no. 9, pp. 2291–2297, 1992.