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全球暴雨洪水灾害风险评估与制图

DOI: 10.13577/j.jnd.2015.0101, PP. 1-8

Keywords: 全球,洪水灾害,风险评估,风险制图,区域规律

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Abstract:

全球洪水灾害风险评估是洪水综合风险管理的基础,对在宏观上把握洪水灾害风险的空间格局,识别全球洪水灾害的高风险区,为国际社会采取措施减轻洪水损失有重要意义。然而受数据和模型的限制,全球尺度的洪水风险评估工作十分有限。基于灾害系统理论,从洪水可能造成损失的评估以及洪水致灾因子危险性、孕灾环境稳定性、承灾体脆弱性综合分析的角度出发,利用全球范围内的降水、径流量、数字高程、土地利用、人口、GDP等数据,评估了国家、网格、流域3个单元上全球洪水灾害经济和人口风险。最后利用历史洪水损失及前人研究结果,对本研究评估结果进行了比较验证,其一致性较好,准确地反映了全球洪水灾害风险的空间分布。评估结果表明,受自然因素及人口经济分布的影响,亚洲地区(尤其是东亚、南亚及东南亚地区),美国中南部和欧洲西部洪水灾害风险最高。此外,由于社会经济发展和政府管理水平的落后,非洲地区洪水灾害人口风险也十分严峻。

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