Collagen Scaffolds in Cartilage Tissue Engineering and Relevant Approaches for Future Development

Illustration of articular cartilage tissues and concept of cartilage tissue engineering. A Schematic representation of articular cartilage with a lesion in knee. B Articular cartilage consists of multiple zones and is separated with subchondral bone by calcified zones. Some areas are stained with red Safranin O/Fast staining, indicating presence of proteoglycan. Inset shown AC (dotted circle) embedded in cartilage matrix. Scale bar: 20 μm. C Flow of cartilage tissue engineering started with biopsy of cartilage tissue and ended with implantation of mature scaffolds into lesions