The clinical effects of genetic structure, estrogen, and toxic agents on Raynaud’s Phenomenon

Raynaud’s phenomenon (RP) is characterized by cold-induced vasoconstriction. This enhanced vasoconstriction is achieved by a reflex response to cooling through the sympathetic nervous system and by local activation of Alpha2C (α2C) adrenoreceptors. This disease is clinically classified as primary and secondary. Primary RP is idiopathic and is the most common form of the disease. Secondary RP may be associated with diseases such as autoimmune diseases or cancer, and smoking or the use of certain medications may also be cause. Affected individuals suffer from vasospastic attacks associated with classical three colour changes (paleness, cyanosis, and hyperemia), often triggered by cold and/or stress. The data from the epidemiological studies revealed interesting findings related to the prevalence of RP. It was determined that women with the same age had a significantly higher incidence than men. In this review, the effects of oestrogen, genetic structure and chemical agents on RP were discussed. As a result, although many factors have been described causing this disease, further research is needed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the onset and progression of RP