Social Revolution in Circassia: The Interdependence of Religion and the World-System [？erkesya’da Sosyal Devrim: Dinin ve Dünya Sisteminin Birbirine Ba？？ml？l？？？]

This article examines the relationship between religion, geography, and social changes that took place in Circassia in the middle of the 17th century. The paper uses a philosophical approach to analyze the articulation of the economic, political, and ideological elements that connected the case of Circassia to the world-system theory. The Circassian social formation was a hybrid of the communal and tributary stages of human history. The social revolution in Circassia appears to be the result of class conflict, in the Marxist definition. The Circassians economy and political system was a product of the diffusion in the Silk Road system that affected their relationship with Europe, the Middle East, Anatolia, and Russia. These forces created the framework in which the Circassians were subjected to, and became the victims of, historical oppression. Likewise, this measure of oppression only successively deepened as the transition of the world system from the Tributary stage, starting 1492, to advanced industrial capitalism, i.e., 1850, asserted dominance over the framework of oppression. In proportion, the conditions of revolution ripen