Typhoid fever remains endemic in most developing
countries with large scale transmission through contaminated food and drinking
water. Since 2000s, animal and their products have been found to be a common
food source for Typhoidal infections. A total of 90 blood specimens, 45 samples each were collected from abattoir and non-abattoir workers in Akwa Ibom
State and were screened for Salmonella species using standard cultural and serological techniques. The overall
prevalence rate was 12 (13.3%). Salmonella species were distributed in all the three senatorial districts of the State. Percentage distribution of Salmonella isolates was 3 (3.3%) for Uyo, 4 (4.4%) for Eket and 5 (5.6%) were isolated from Ikot
Ekpene districts. Out of 90 human subjects screened, 12 (13.3%) were positive and 5 (5.6%) were isolated from non-abattoir while 7 (7.7%) were isolated from
abattoir workers. In this study, serological significant titre of ≥160 of Typhoid fever cases was confirmed by blood culture. According to sero-grouping and source of
sample collection 4.4% S. typhi was
isolated from abattoir workers followed by S.
paratyphi A (3.3%) while S.
typhimurium and S. gallinarum (2.2%) and S. enteritidis (1.1%).
Increase prevalence of Salmonella serovars such as S. gallinarium, S. typhi, S. Typhimurium and S.
enteritidis with regular consumption of slaughter meat and other
product without proper disinfection and appropriate boiling, represent a
serious public health risk in Akwa Ibom State. Demographic data obtained in
this study showed that majority of the abattoir workers across the three
districts were within the ages of 21 to 30 (33%), 39% were none graduate while
30.4%
References
[1]
Kebede, A., Kemal, J., Alemayehu, H. and Solomon, H.M. (2016) Isolation, Identification and Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing of Salmonella from Slaughtered Bovines and Ovines in Addis Ababa Abattoir Enterprise, Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Bacterialogy, 2016, Article ID: 3714785. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/3714785
[2]
Brooks, G.F., Carrol, K.C., Butel, J.S. and Morse, S.A. (2007) Jawetz, Melnick and Adelber’s Medical Microbiology. 24th Edition, McGraw Hill Companies, New York, 44.
[3]
Owowo, E., Umoh, J. and Okon, E. (2019) Occurrence of Typhoidal and Non- Typhoidal Salmonelae among Poultry Workers in the Southern Nigeria. Open Journal of Medical Microbiology, 9, 201-214. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojmm.2019.94019
[4]
Igomu, E.E. (2002) Salmonella Kentucky: Prevalence and Challenges in Nigeria and the Africa Continent. African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology, 21, 272-283. https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v21i4.3
[5]
NPC (2011) National Population Commission of Nigeria (Web). The Population Projection. https://www.citypopulation.de
[6]
Adkins, H.J. and Santiago, L.T. (2006) Increased Recovery of Enteric Pathogens by the Use of both Stool and Rectal Swab Specimen. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 25, 58-59.
[7]
Cheesbrough, M. (2002) District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries. 2nd Edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 182-187.
[8]
Tam, F.C., Wang, M. and Dong, B. (2008) New Rapid Test for Paratyphoid a Fever: Usefulness, Cross-Detection, and Solution. Diagnostics Microbiology of Infectious Diseases, 62, 142-150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2008.07.002
[9]
Perilla, M.J. (2003) Manual for the Laboratory Identification and Antimicrobial Testing of Bacterial Pathogens of Public Health Importance in the Developing World. World Health Organisation, Atlanta, 103-119.
[10]
National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (2004) Diagnostics and Treatment of Serious Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella Species. Journal of Infectious Diseases, No. 5, 188-203.
[11]
Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institutes (CLSI) (2012) Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; Twenty Second Informational Supplement. CLSI Document M100-S22, Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Clinical Medicine, 2, 13-16.
[12]
Nucera, D.M., Maddox, C.W., Hoien-Dalen, P. and Weigei, R.M. (2006) Comparison of API 20E and invA PCR for Identification of Salmonella enterica Isolates from Swine Production Units. Journal Clinical Microbiology, 44, 3388-3390. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00972-06
Song, J.A., Cho, H., Park, M.Y., Na, D.S., Moon, H.B. and Pai, C.H. (2003) Detection of Salmonella Typhi in the Blood of Patients with Typhoid Fever by Polymerase GBB Chain Reaction. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 31, 1439-1443. https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.31.6.1439-1443.1993
[15]
Owowo, E.E., Antia, U.E., Christopher, M.A. and Okon, I.E. (2019) Sero-Prevalence of Brucellosis among Nomadic Herdsmen, Abattoir and Livestock Workers in Niger-Delta Region, Nigeria. Journal of Biosciences and Medicines, 7, 32-41. https://doi.org/10.4236/jbm.2019.710003
[16]
Frankel, G. (2004) Detection of Salmonella Typhi by Polymerase Chain Reaction. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 32, 14-15.
[17]
Muhammed, M., Muhammed, L.U., Ambali, A.G., Azard, S. and Barco, L. (2010) Prevalence of Salmonella Associated with Chick Mortality and Hatching and Their Susceptibility to Antimicrobial Agents. Veterinary Microbiology, 140, 131-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.07.009
[18]
Sherwal, B.L., Dhamija, R.K., Randhawa, V.S., Jais, M., Kaintura, A. and Kumar, M. (2004) A Comparative Study of Typhoid Fever. Journal Clinical Medicine, 5, 244-246.
[19]
Ethay, Y.H.A. and Abel, E. (2015) Comparison between the Widal Test and Culturing Technique in the Diagnosis of Enteric Fever in Khartoum, State, Sudan. African Journal Bacteriology Research, 7, 56-59.
[20]
Ibrahim, M.A., Emeash, H.H., Nahed, H.G. and Abdel-Halim, M.A. (2013) Seroepidemiological Studies on Poultry.
[21]
Ibrahim, M.A., Emeash, H.H., Nahed, H.G. and Abdel-Halim, M.A. (2013) Sero-Epidemiological Studies on Poultry Salmonellosis and Its Public Health Importance. Journal of World’s Poultry Research, 3, 18-21.
[22]
Okonkwo, I.O., Nkang, A.O., Eyerefe, O.D., Abubakar, M.J., Ojezele, M.O. and Amusan, T.A. (2010) Incidence of Multi-Drug Resistant (MDR) Organisms in Some Poultry Feeds Sold in Calabar Metropolis, Nigeria. British Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 1, 15-28.
[23]
Baker, S., Favorov, M.O. and Dougan, G. (2010) Searching for the Elusive Typhoid Diagnostic. BMC Infectious Disease, 10, 45. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-10-45
[24]
House, D., Ho, V.A., Diep, T.S., Chinh, N.T., Bay, P.V. and Vinh, H. (2008) Antibodies to the Vi Capsule of Salmonella Typhi in the Serum of Typhoid Patients and Healthy Control Subjects from a Typhoid Endemic Region. Journal Infectious Development Countries, 2, 308-312. https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.227
[25]
Ndiaye, M.L., Dieng, Y., Niang, S., Pfeifer, H.R., Tonolla, M. and Peduzzi, R. (2012) Effect of Irrigation Water on the Incidence of Salmonella spp. on Lettuce Produced Urban Agriculture and Sold in Markets in Dakar Senegal. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 5, 2885-2890.
