Background: Obesity is rising globally, independent of ethnicity, race and age, and is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity especially in persons living with diabetes. The effect of adipokines such as leptin, resistin and adiponectin which are secreted by adipose tissue factors has been linked to the increased risk of the cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. Aim: This study aims to assess the levels of serum leptin and serum adiponectin in obese type 2 diabetes subjects, and their relationship with cardio-metabolic component (using lipid profile). Method: This is a cross-sectional comparative hospital-based study in which one hundred and fifty participants grouped into 60 obese, 60 non-obese none diabetic and 30 non-obese non-diabetic adults with similar age from the Endocrinology outpatient’s clinic, General outpatient department (GOPD) and staff clinic of Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex (OAUTHC). Anthropometric parameters and other relevant clinical details of all subjects were obtained. Fasting venous blood samples were taken from all subjects for the determination of fasting plasma glucose (FPG), fasting lipid profile, glycosylated haemoglobin levels (HbA1C), fasting serum insulin, leptin, and adiponectin. Data was analysed using the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23.0. Results: Twenty-eight (46.7%)) subjects were males while 32 subjects (53.3%) were females (in obese groups). There was no statistical difference between these two groups for both sexes (p = 1.000). The age range for all subjects was 34 to 64 years with their mean age being 52 ± 7.3 years, and for type 2 subjects and the obese non-diabetic 50.7 ± 7.3 years respectively. The mean body mass index of the non-obese and non-diabetic was 23.7 ± 4 Kg/m2 while the anthropometric measurements of the obese two groups were similar. The lipid profile, serum leptin and adiponectin in both the obese groups showed no difference. The relationship between components of obesity and serum leptin level in all subjects showed that serum leptin levels had significant positive correlation with BMI, WC, and serum insulin level. The correlation between adiponectin and lipid profile showed a positive correlation between serum adiponectin values and High-density lipoprotein (HDL) in obese diabetic (p = 0.02) but not in the non-diabetic group. Conclusion: In this study, there was no correlation in the serum leptin levels
References
[1]
Zamboni, M., Mazzali, G., Zoico, E., Harris, T.B., Meigs, J.B., Di Francesco, V., Fantin, F., Bissoli, L. and Bosello, O. (2005) Health Consequences of Obesity in the Elderly: A Review of Four Unresolved Questions. International Journal of Obesity, 29, 1011-1029. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0803005
[2]
Bhurosy, T. and Jeewon, R. (2014) Overweight and Obesity Epidemic in Developing Countries: A Problem with Diet, Physical Activity, or Socioeconomic Status? The Scientific World Journal, 2014, Article ID: 964236. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/964236
[3]
Wilborn, C., Beckham, J., Campbell, B., Harvey, T., Galbreath, M. and La Bounty, P. (2005) Obesity: Prevalence, Theories, Medical Consequences, Management and Research Directions. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 2, 4-31. https://doi.org/10.1186/1550-2783-2-2-4
[4]
World Health Organization (2009) Global Health Risks: Mortality and Burden of Disease Attributable to Selected Major Risks. World Health Organization, Geneva.
[5]
Cercato, C. and Fonseca, F.A. (2019) Cardiovascular Risk and Obesity. Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome, 11, Article No. 74. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-019-0468-0
[6]
Dyson, P.A. (2010) The Therapeutics of Lifestyle Management on Obesity. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, 11, 941-946. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-1326.2010.01256.x
[7]
Bamba, V. and Rader, D.J. (2007) Obesity and Atherogenic Dyslipidemia. Gastroenterology, 132, 2181-2190. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2007.03.056
[8]
Buyukbese, M.A., Cetinkaya, A., Kocabas, R., Guven, A. and Tarakcioglu, M. (2004) Leptin Levels in Obese Women with and without Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Mediators of Inflammation, 13, 321-325. https://doi.org/10.1080/09629350400008828
[9]
Girard, J. (1997) Is Leptin the Link between Obesity and Insulin Resistance? Diabetes & Metabolism, 23, 16-24.
[10]
Enriori, P.J., Evans, A.E., Sinnayah, P. and Cowley, M.A. (2006) Leptin Resistance and Obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring), 14, 254S-258S. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2006.319
[11]
Fagerberg, B., Kellis, D., Bergström, G. and Behre, C.J. (2011) Adiponectin in Relation to Insulin Sensitivity and Insulin Secretion in the Development of Type 2 Diabetes: A Prospective Study in 64-Year-Old Women. Journal of Internal Medicine, 269, 636-643. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2010.02336.x
[12]
Kadowaki, T., Yamauchi, T., Kubota, N., Hara, K., Ueki, K. and Tobe, K. (2006) Adiponectin and Adiponectin Receptors in Insulin Resistance, Diabetes, and the Metabolic Syndrome. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 116, 1784-1792. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI29126
[13]
Mansour, M., Mostafa, H., Naguib, M. and Rashed, L. (2017) Adiponectin Level in Egyptian Type 2 Diabetic Patients and Its Relation to Glycemic Control and Lipid Profile. International Journal of Advanced Research in Biological Sciences, 4, 64-71. https://doi.org/10.22192/ijarbs.2017.04.06.011
[14]
Alberti, K.G. and Zimmet, P.Z. (1998) Definition, Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications. Part 1: Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus Provisional Report of a WHO Consultation. Diabetic Medicine, 15, 539-553. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9136(199807)15:7<539::AID-DIA668>3.0.CO;2-S
[15]
World Health Organization (2011) Waist Circumference and Waist-Hip Ratio: Report of a WHO Expert Consultation, Geneva, 8-11 December 2008. World Health Organization, Geneva.
[16]
Alberti, K.G., Zimmet, P. and Shaw, J. (2006) Metabolic Syndrome—A New World-Wide Definition. A Consensus Statement from the International Diabetes Federation. Diabetic Medicine, 23, 469-480. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2006.01858.x
[17]
Yach, D., Stuckler, D. and Brownell, K.D. (2006) Epidemiologic and Economic Consequences of the Global Epidemics of Obesity and Diabetes. Nature Medicine, 12, 62-66. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm0106-62
[18]
Wilson, P.W. and Kannel, W.B. (2002) Obesity, Diabetes, and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in the Elderly. The American Journal of Geriatric Cardiology, 11, 119-123, 125. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1076-7460.2002.00998.x
[19]
Sinha, M.K., Ohanannesian, J.P., Heiman, M.L., Kriauciunas, A., Stephens, T.W., Magosin, S., et al. (1996) Nocturnal Rise of Leptin in Lean, Obese, and Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus Subjects. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 97, 1344-1347. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI118551
[20]
Luke, A.H., Rotimi, C.N., Cooper, R.S., Long, A.E., Forrester, T.E., Wilks, R., et al. (1998) Leptin and Body Composition of Nigerians, Jamaicans and US Blacks. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 67, 391-396. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/67.3.391
[21]
Jonsson, S., Hedblad, B., Engström, G., Nilsson, P., Berglund, G. and Janzon, L. (2002) Influence of Obesity on Cardiovascular Risk. Twenty-Three-Year Follow-Up of 22,025 Men from an Urban Swedish Population. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders, 26, 1046-1053. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0802060
[22]
Perez, F., Santos, J.L., Albala, C., Calvillan, M. and Carrasco, E. (2000) Obesity and Leptin Association in Three Chilean Aboriginal Populations. Revista Médica de Chile, 128, 45-52.
[23]
Liu, C., Feng, X., Li, Q., Wang, Y., Li, Q. and Hua, M. (2016) Adiponectin, TNF-α and Inflammatory Cytokines and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cytokine, 86, 100-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cyto.2016.06.028
[24]
Saltiel, A.R. and Olefsky, J.M. (2017) Inflammatory Mechanisms Linking Obesity and Metabolic Disease. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 127, 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI92035
[25]
Schulze, M.B., Rimm, E.B., Shai, I., Rifai, N. and Hu, F.B. (2004) Relationship between Adiponectin and Glycemic Control, Blood Lipids, and Inflammatory Markers in Men with Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care, 27, 1680-1687. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.27.7.1680
