Every year on 22 April, we have celebrated Earth Day and the beautiful planet we call home. Earth Day, established in 1970, has been used to highlight our planet’s environmental challenges and raise awareness of the importance of protecting our world for future generations [1]. To provide the protection of our planet, we should explain Earth’s environmental challenges to the best of our knowledge in frames of contemporary Geophysics. This paper gives a short overview of the developed Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) and pay particular attention to the principal role of Dark Matter (DM) in the Earth’s life. In this manuscript, we discuss different aspects of the Earth: a condition of Young Earth before the Beginning of life on It; Internal Structure; “The 660-km Boundary” that we named Geomagma; Random Variations of Earth’s Rotational Speed on a daily basis; Origin of Moon; Expanding Earth; Internal Heating; Faint Young Sun paradox; Geocorona and Planetary Coronas; High-Energy Atmospheric Physics. WUM proposed principally different ways to solve the problems of Internal Heating, Origin of the Moon, and Faint Young Sun paradox based on DM core of the Earth. The Model revealed the fact that the Sun Activity causes the Geomagma Activity and, as a consequence, Random Variations of Earth’s Rotational Speed by the varying Sun’s magnetic field.
References
[1]
ESA (2023) 10 Remarkable Earth Facts. https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/10_remarkable_Earth_facts
Netchitailo V.S. (2013) Fundamental Parameter Q. Recommended Values of the Newtonian Parameter of Gravitation, Hubble’s Parameter, Age of the World, and Temperature of the Microwave Background Radiation.
[4]
Netchitailo, V. (2022) Review Article: Cosmology and Classical Physics. Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology, 8, 1037-1072. https://doi.org/10.4236/jhepgc.2022.84074
[5]
Netchitailo, V. (2022) JWST Discoveries—Confirmation of World-Universe Model Predictions. Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology, 8, 1134-1154. https://doi.org/10.4236/jhepgc.2022.84080
[6]
Netchitailo, V. (2023) Decisive Role of Gravitational Parameter G in Cosmology. Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology, 9, 611-625. https://doi.org/10.4236/jhepgc.2023.93051
[7]
Netchitailo, V. (2021) From the Beginning of the World to the Beginning of Life on Earth. Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology, 7, 1503-1523. https://doi.org/10.4236/jhepgc.2021.74092
[8]
Netchitailo, V. (2021) Solar System. Angular Momentum. Dark Matter Reactors. Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology, 7, 1353-1372. https://doi.org/10.4236/jhepgc.2021.74084
[9]
Netchitailo, V. (2019) Solar System. Angular Momentum. New Physics. Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology, 5, 112-139. https://doi.org/10.4236/jhepgc.2019.51005
[10]
Netchitailo, V. (2019) Dark Matter Cosmology and Astrophysics. Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology, 5, 999-1050. https://doi.org/10.4236/jhepgc.2019.54056
[11]
Netchitailo, V. (2019) High-Energy Atmospheric Physics: Ball Lightning. Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology, 5, 360-374. https://doi.org/10.4236/jhepgc.2019.52020
[12]
Netchitailo, V.S. (2023) Dark Matter Particles. https://vixra.org/abs/2306.0127 https://doi.org/10.4236/jhepgc.2023.94074
[13]
Bouvier, A. and Wadhwa, M. (2010) The Age of the Solar System Redefined by the Oldest Pb-Pb Age of a Meteoritic Inclusion. Nature Geoscience, 3, 637-641. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo941
[14]
Dalrymple, G.B. (2001) The Age of the Earth in the Twentieth Century: A Problem (Mostly) Solved. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 190, 205. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2001.190.01.14
[15]
Wikipedia. Origin of the Moon. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_the_Moon#cite_note-themoon-35
[16]
Barboni, M., et al. (2017) Early Formation of the Moon 4.51 Billion Years Ago. Science Advances, 3, e1602365. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1602365
[17]
Maurice, M., et al. (2020) A Long-Lived Magma Ocean on a Young Moon. Science Advances, 6, eaba8949. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aba8949
[18]
Harrison, T.M., et al. (2005) Heterogeneous Hadean Hafnium: Evidence of Continental Crust at 4.4 to 4.5 Ga. Science, 310, 1947-1950. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1117926
[19]
Earth Science (2021) Introduction to the Oceans. Lumen Learning. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/earthscience/chapter/introduction-to-the-oceans/
[20]
National Ocean Service (2021) Why Do We Have an Ocean? Administration National Ocean Service Website. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/why_oceans.html
[21]
ETH ZURICH (2020) Uncovering Mysteries of Earth’s Primeval Atmosphere 4.5 Billion Years Ago and the Emergence of Life. https://scitechdaily.com/uncovering-mysteries-of-earths-primeval-atmosphere-4-5-billion-years-ago-and-the-emergence-of-life/
[22]
Sossi, P.A., et al. (2020) Redox State of Earth’s Magma Ocean and Its Venus-Like Early Atmosphere. Science Advances, 6, eabd1387. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd1387
[23]
Dodd, M., Papineau, D., Grenne, T., et al. (2017) Evidence for Early Life in Earth’s Oldest Hydrothermal Vent Precipitates. Nature, 543, 60-64. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature21377
[24]
Buffett, B.A. (1997) Geodynamic Estimates of the Viscosity of the Earth’s Inner Core. Nature, 388, 571-573. https://www.nature.com/articles/41534 https://doi.org/10.1038/41534
[25]
Robertson, E.C. (2001) The Interior of the Earth. U.S. Geological Survey. https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/interior/
[26]
Dziewonski, A.M. and Anderson, D.L. (1981) Preliminary Reference Earth Model. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 25, 297-356. https://doi.org/10.3133/7000023
[27]
Wu, W., Ni, S. and Irving, J.C.E. (2019) Inferring Earth’s Discontinuous Chemical Layering from the 660-Kilometer Boundary Topography. Science, 363, 736-740. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aav0822
Markenscoff, X. (2021) “Volume Collapse” Instabilities in Deep-Focus Earthquakes: A Shear Source Nucleated and Driven by Pressure. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 152, Article ID: 104379. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349643349_Volume_collapse_instabilities_in_deep-focus_earthquakes_A_shear_source_nucleated_and_driven_by_pressure https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmps.2021.104379
[30]
Ricard, Y. (2009) 2. Physics of Mantle Convection. In: Bercovici, D. and Schubert, G., Eds., Treatise on Geophysics: Mantle Dynamics, Vol. 7, Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, 31-88.
[31]
Jones, G. and Bikos K. (2020) Earth Is in a Hurry in 2020. https://www.timeanddate.com/time/earth-faster-rotation.html
[32]
Deviation of Day Length from SI Based Day. Adapted from Day Length Fluctuations (2023) Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_length_fluctuations
[33]
Jones, G., Bikos, K. and Hocken, V. (2023) A Day Is Not Exactly 24 Hours. https://www.timeanddate.com/time/earth-rotation.html#:~:text=Overall%2C%20the%20Earth%20is%20a,is%20equivalent%20to%2024%20hours
[34]
Solar Variability and Terrestrial Climate (2013) NASA Science. https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2013/08jan_sunclimate
[35]
Zhang, J., et al. (2005) Inner Core Differential Motion Confirmed by Earthquake Waveform Doublets. Science, 309, 1357-1360. https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1113193#:~:text=Using%20waveform%20doublets%20avoids%20artifacts,to%200.5%C2%B0%20per%20year https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1113193
[36]
Livermore, P.W., Hollerbach, R. and Jackson, A. (2013) Electromagnetically Driven Westward Drift and Inner-Core Superrotation in Earth’s Core. PNAS, 110, 15914-15918. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1307825110 https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1307825110#:~:text=Seismic%20probing%20of%20the%20earth’s,of%20the%20liquid%20outer%20core
[37]
Sun (2023) Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun#Structure_and_fusion
[38]
Djorgovski, S.G. (2016) Stellar Structure and the Sun. http://www.astro.caltech.edu/~george/ay1/lec_pdf/Ay1_Lec08.pdf
[39]
Cohen, H. (2001) From Core to Corona. Layers of the Sun. Library of Congress Web Archives. http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011129122524/http%3A//fusedweb.llnl.gov/cpep/chart_pages/5.plasmas/sunlayers.html
[40]
Kruszelnicki, K.S. (2012) Lazy Sun Is Less Energetic than Compost. https://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2012/04/17/3478276.htm
[41]
Fossat, E., et al. (2017) Asymptotic G Modes: Evidence for a Rapid Rotation of the Solar Core. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 604, A40. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201730460
[42]
Darwin, G.H. (1879) On the Bodily Tides of Viscous and Semi-Elastic Spheroids, and on the Ocean Tides upon a Yielding Nucleus. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 170, 1-35. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstl.1879.0061
[43]
Wise, D.U. (1966) Origin of the Moon by Fission. In: Marsden, B.G. and Cameron, A.G.W., Eds., The Earth-Moon System, Springer, Berlin, 213-223. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1966ems..conf..213W https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8401-4_14
Cole, G.H.A. and Woolfson, M.M. (2002) Planetary Science: The Science of Planets around Stars. Institute of Physics Publishing, Bristol, 36-37, 380-382. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420056853
[46]
Kinver, M. (2009) Global Average Temperature May Hit Record Level in 2010. BBC.
[47]
Pollack, H.N., Hurter, S.J. and Johnson, J.R. (1993) Heat Flow from the Earth’s Interior: Analysis of the Global Data Set. Reviews of Geophysics, 31, 267-280. https://doi.org/10.1029/93RG01249
[48]
Gando, A., et al. (2011) Partial Radiogenic Heat Model for Earth Revealed by Geoneutrino Measurements. Nature Geoscience, 4, 647-651. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1205
[49]
Hoffman, D.C., et al. (1971) Detection of Plutonium-244 in Nature. Nature, 234, 132-134. https://doi.org/10.1038/234132a0
[50]
Sagan, C. and Mullen, G. (1972) Earth and Mars: Evolution of Atmospheres and Surface Temperatures. Science, 177, 52-56. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.177.4043.52
[51]
Morrison, D. (2010) Catastrophic Impacts in Earth’s History. Video-Recorded Lecture, Stanford University (Astrobiology), Stanford.
[52]
Gough, D.O. (1981) Solar Interior Structure and Luminosity Variations. Solar Physics, 74, 21-34. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00151270
[53]
Baliukin, I.I., et al. (2019) SWAN/SOHO Lyman-α Mapping: The Hydrogen Geocorona Extends Well beyond the Moon. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 124, 861-885. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JA026136
[54]
Reyes, R. (2012) Exploring the Sun-Earth Connection. Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio. http://pluto.space.swri.edu/image/glossary/geocorona.html
[55]
Kameda, S., et al. (2017) Ecliptic North-South Symmetry of Hydrogen Geocorona. Geophysical Research Letter, 44, 11,706-11,712. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL075915
[56]
Kuwabara, M., et al. (2017) The Geocoronal Responses to the Geomagnetic Disturbances. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 122, 1269-1276. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JA023247
[57]
NASA (2012) Solar System. http://chandra.harvard.edu/xray_sources/solar_system.html
[58]
Wargelin, B.J., et al. (2014) Observation and Modeling of Geocoronal Charge Exchange X-Ray Emission during Solar Wind Gusts. The Astrophysical Journal, 796, Article No. 28. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/796/1/28
[59]
Cravensa, T.E., et al. (2009) Solar Wind Charge Exchange Contributions to the Diffuse X-Ray Emission. AIP Conference Proceedings, 1156, 37-51. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3211832
[60]
Dwyer, J.R. (2012) The Mystery of Lightning. http://www.insightcruises.com/events/sa24/PDF/The_Mysteries_of_Lightning.pdf
[61]
Gurevich, A.V., Milikh, G.M. and Roussel-Dupre, R. (1992) Runaway Electron Mechanism of Air Breakdown and Preconditioning during a Thunderstorm. Physics Letters A, 165, 463-468. https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-9601(92)90348-P
[62]
Fishman, G.J., et al. (1994) Discovery of Intense Gamma-Ray Flashes of Atmospheric Origin. Science, 264, 1313-1316. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.264.5163.1313
ALLATRA International Public Movement (2023) ALLATRA. https://allatra.org/about
[65]
Dr. Egon Cholakian Publicly Addresses Joe Biden, Xi Jinping, and Vladimir Putin Due to Progression of Climate Events (2023) EIN Presswire|Newsmatics. https://fox2now.com/business/press-releases/ein-presswire/649628130/dr-egon-cholakian-publicly-addresses-joe-biden-xi-jinping-and-vladimir-putin-due-to-progression-of-climate-events/
