Ependymomas are a somewhat diverse category of glial tumors that often develop from the lining of the brain’s ventricles, or the spinal cord’s central canal. They make up 5% of all neuroepithelial tumors, 10% of paediatric brain tumors, and up to 33% of brain tumors in children under the age of three. Hydrocephalus is one of the complications, and it can be identified as progressive macrocephaly or increasing head circumference crossing percentiles, nausea, vomiting, poor appetite, irritability, and regression of developmental milestones.
References
[1]
Louis, D.N., Perry, A., Reifenberger, G., von Deimling, A., Figarella-Branger, D., Cavenee, W.K., et al. (2016) The 2016 World Health Organization Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System: A Summary. Acta Neuropathologica, 131, 803-820. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-016-1545-1
[2]
AlRayahi, J., Zapotocky, M., Ramaswamy, V., Hanagandi, P., Branson, H., Mubarak, W., et al. (2018) Pediatric Brain Tumor Genetics: What Radiologists Need to Know. RadioGraphics, 38, 2102-2122. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.2018180109
[3]
Balık, A.Ö. (2023) Spinal Myxopapillary Ependymoma: A 12-Years-Old Pediatric Case with Hydrocephalus Presenting with Gait Disorder. Haydarpasa Numune Training and Research Hospital Medical Journal, 63, 346-349. https://doi.org/10.14744/hnhj.2022.37108
[4]
Lee, C., Chung, C.K. and Kim, C.H. (2016) Genetic Differences on Intracranial versus Spinal Cord Ependymal Tumors: A Meta-Analysis of Genetic Researches. European Spine Journal, 25, 3942-3951. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-016-4745-4
[5]
Parker, M., Mohankumar, K.M., Punchihewa, C., Weinlich, R., Dalton, J.D., Li, Y., et al. (2014) C11orf95-RELA Fusions Drive Oncogenic NF-Κb Signalling in Ependymoma. Nature, 506, 451-455. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13109
[6]
Panwalkar, P., Clark, J., Ramaswamy, V., Hawes, D., Yang, F., Dunham, C., et al. (2017) Immunohistochemical Analysis of H3k27me3 Demonstrates Global Reduction in Group-A Childhood Posterior Fossa Ependymoma and Is a Powerful Predictor of Outcome. Acta Neuropathologica, 134, 705-714. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-017-1752-4
[7]
Vera-Bolanos, E., Aldape, K., Yuan, Y., Wu, J., Wani, K., Necesito-Reyes, M.J., et al. (2014) Clinical Course and Progression-Free Survival of Adult Intracranial and Spinal Ependymoma Patients. Neuro-Oncology, 17, 440-447. https://doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/nou162
[8]
Rudà, R., Gilbert, M. and Soffietti, R. (2008) Ependymomas of the Adult: Molecular Biology and Treatment. Current Opinion in Neurology, 21, 754-761. https://doi.org/10.1097/wco.0b013e328317efe8
[9]
Merchant, T.E., Li, C., Xiong, X., Kun, L.E., Boop, F.A. and Sanford, R.A. (2009) Conformal Radiotherapy after Surgery for Paediatric Ependymoma: A Prospective Study. The Lancet Oncology, 10, 258-266. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1470-2045(08)70342-5
[10]
Merchant, T.E. (2017) Current Clinical Challenges in Childhood Ependymoma: A Focused Review. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 35, 2364-2369. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.73.1265
[11]
Khatua, S., Ramaswamy, V. and Bouffet, E. (2017) Current Therapy and the Evolving Molecular Landscape of Paediatric Ependymoma. European Journal of Cancer, 70, 34-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2016.10.013
[12]
Bouffet, E., Perilongo, G., Canete, A. and Massimino, M. (1998) Intracranial Ependymomas in Children: A Critical Review of Prognostic Factors and a Plea for Cooperation. Medical and Pediatric Oncology, 30, 319-329. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-911x(199806)30:6<319::aid-mpo1>3.0.co;2-h
[13]
Cage, T.A., Clark, A.J., Aranda, D., Gupta, N., Sun, P.P., Parsa, A.T., et al. (2013) A Systematic Review of Treatment Outcomes in Pediatric Patients with Intracranial Ependymomas. Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics, 11, 673-681. https://doi.org/10.3171/2013.2.peds12345
[14]
Tihan, T., Zhou, T., Holmes, E., Burger, P.C., Ozuysal, S. and Rushing, E.J. (2008) The Prognostic Value of Histological Grading of Posterior Fossa Ependymomas in Children: A Children’s Oncology Group Study and a Review of Prognostic Factors. Modern Pathology, 21, 165-177. https://doi.org/10.1038/modpathol.3800999
[15]
Yao, Y., Mack, S.C. and Taylor, M.D. (2011) Molecular Genetics of Ependymoma. Chinese Journal of Cancer, 30, 669-681. https://doi.org/10.5732/cjc.011.10129
[16]
Taylor, M.D., Poppleton, H., Fuller, C., Su, X., Liu, Y., Jensen, P., et al. (2005) Radial Glia Cells Are Candidate Stem Cells of Ependymoma. Cancer Cell, 8, 323-335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2005.09.001
[17]
Agbahiwe, H.C., Wharam, M., Batra, S., Cohen, K. and Terezakis, S.A. (2013) Management of Pediatric Myxopapillary Ependymoma: The Role of Adjuvant Radiation. International Journal of Radiation Oncology∙Biology∙Physics, 85, 421-427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2012.05.001